Research

 

Ahrnberg, H., Korja, R., Scheinin, N.M., Nolvi, S., Kataja, E-L, Kajanoja, J., Hakanen, H., Karlsson, L., Karlsson, H. & Karukivi, M. (2021).  Maternal alexithymic traits are related to lower maternal sensitivity and higher hostility in maternal caregiving behavior—The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study.  Frontiers in Psychology, 12:704036.  PMID: 34381404 PMCID: PMC8350116 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.704036

Almeida, A.S., Giger, J-C.,  Mendonça, S., Fuertes, M., & Nunes, C. (2022).  Emotional availability in mother-child and father-child interactions as predictors of child’s attachment representations in adoptive families.  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, 1-16. PMID: 35457588 PMCID: PMC9028699 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084720

Allen, B., Timmer, S., Urquiza. A. (2014). Parent-child interaction therapy as an attachment-based intervention: Theoretical rationale and pilot data with adopted children. Children and Youth Services Review, 47, 334-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.10.009

Altenhofen, S., Clyman, R., Little, C., Baker, M., & Biringen, Z. (2013).  Attachment security in three-year-olds who entered substitute care in infancy.  Infant Mental Health Journal, 34, 435-445. PMID: 27127309 PMCID: PMC4846274 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21401

Altenhofen, S., Sutherland, K. & Biringen, Z. (2010) Families experiencing divorce: Age at onset of overnight stays, conflict, and emotional availability as predictors of child attachment.  Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 51, 3, 141-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502551003597782

Aran, P., Lewis, A.J., Watson, S.J,. Nguyen, T., Galbally, M. (2021).  Emotional availability in women with bipolar disorder and major depression: A longitudinal pregnancy cohort study. Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 55, 1079-1088. PMID: 33726546 DOI: 10.1177/0004867421998796

Aran, P., Lewis, A., Watson, S., & Galbally, M. (2021a). Major depression and generalised anxiety disorder: An analysis of the effects of remission status and comorbidity on mother-infant emotional availability in the perinatal period.  Journal of Clinical Psychology, 78, 570-589. PMID: 34398975 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23235

Aran, P., Lewis, A.J., Watson, S.J., Macmillan, K., Power, J., Galbally, M., (2021b). A Psychometric study of the Emotional Availability Scales: Construct validity and measurement invariance between depressed and nondepressed mother-infant dyads. Psychological Assessment, 34, 70-81. PMID: 34516162 DOI: 10.1037/pas0001067

Aran, Ö., Phu, T., Erhart, A., Watamura, S., Kim, P. (2023).  Neural activation to infant cry among Latina and non-Latina White mothers. Behavioral Brain Research, 12, 441, 114298. PMID: 36646254 PMCID: PMC9988217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114298

Aras, A., Fonagy, P., Campbell, C., Rosan, C. (2024). What do we know about parental embodied mentalizing? A systematic review of the construct, assessment, empirical findings, gaps and further steps. Attachment & Human Development, 26, 588-624. PMID: 39565089 https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2024.2421432

Arikan, G., Acar, I.H., Kumru, A., & Ünsal, F. Ö. (2025). Maternal symptoms and emotional availability predicting children's behavior problems: A longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2024.101753

Atkinson, N. H., Gennis, H., Racine, N. M., & Riddell, R. P. (2015). Caregiver emotional availability, caregiver soothing behaviors, and infant pain during immunization. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 40, 1105-1114. PMID: 26188051 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsv067

Atzaba-Poria, N., Meiri, G., Millikovsky M, Barkai A, Dunaevsky-Idan, M., Yerushalmi, B. (2010).  Father-child and mother-child interaction in families with a child feeding disorder: The role of paternal involvement. Infant Ment Health Journal, 31, 682-698. PMID: 28543067 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.20278

Augustin, M., Mall, V., & Licata-Dandel, M. (2024).  ADHD symptoms in middle childhood: The role of child attachment and maternal emotional availability in an inpatient clinical sample.  European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology, and Education, 14, 1572-1584.  PMID: 38921070 PMCID: PMC11202776 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe14060104

Austin, M.-P., Christl, B., McMahon, C., Kildea, S., Reilly, N., Yin, C., Simcock, G., Elgbeili, G., Laplante, D.P., & King, S. (2017). Moderating effects of maternal emotional availability on language and cognitive development in toddlers of mothers exposed to a natural disaster in pregnancy: The QF2011 Queensland Flood Study. Infant Behavior and Development, 49, 296-309. PMID: 29096237 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.10.005

Aviezer, O. (2008). Emotional availability and the complexity of child care: A commentary. Journal of Early Childhood and Infant Psychology, 4, 75–81. link.gale.com/apps/doc/A220640572/AONE?u=anon~da63caa1&sid=googleScholar&xid=444b28e1.

Azhari, A., Wong, A., Lim, M., Macapinlac, B., Gabrieli, G., Setoh, P. & Esposito, G. (2020).  Parents' past bonding experience with their parents interacts with current parenting stress to influence the quality of interaction with their child.  Behavioral Sciences, 10, 114. PMID: 32645871 PMCID: PMC7407224 DOI: 10.3390/bs10070114

Bai, L., Crosby, B., & Teti, D. M. (2025). Maternal sleep, coparenting quality, and parenting across the first 2 years postpartum. Journal of Marriage and Family, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.13094

Bai, L., Saini, E. K., & Teti, D. M. (2025). Maternal cortisol and parenting in infants’ first 6 months: The moderating role of family stress. Developmental Psychology, Advance online publication. PMID: 40272419 PMCID: PMC12353129 (available on 2026-04-24) DOI: 10.1037/dev0001955

Baker, M., Biringen, Z., Meyer‐Parsons, B., & Schneider, A. (2015). Emotional attachment and emotional availability tele‐intervention for adoptive families. Infant Mental Health Journal, 36, 179-192. PMID: 25704237 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21498

Baraldi, E., Allodi, M.W., Löwing, K., Smedler, A.C., Westrup, B., & Ådén, U. (2020).  Stockholm preterm interaction-based intervention (SPIBI) - study protocol for an RCT of a 12-month parallel-group post-discharge program for extremely preterm infants and their parents. BMC Pediatric, 20, 49. PMID: 32007087 PMCID: PMC6995087 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-1934-4

Baraldi, E., Allodi, M.W., Löwing, K., Wadström, N., Smedler, A.C., Örtqvist, M., Westrup, B., & Ådén, U.  (2025). Parent-child interaction after home-visiting intervention for children born extremely preterm-A randomised clinical trial. Acta Paediatrica, 114, 74-82. PMID: 39215963 PMCID: PMC11627441 DOI: 10.1111/apa.17399

Barfoot, J., Meredith, P., Ziviani, J., & Whittingham, K. (2017).  Parent-child interactions and children with cerebral palsy: An exploratory study investigating emotional availability, functional ability, and parent distress. Child Care Health & Development, 43, 812-822. PMID: 28737004 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12493

Barone, L. (2021).  Le emozioni nello sviluppo. Percorsi tipici e atipici. Roma:  Carocci. 

Barone, L.,  Barone, V., Dellagiulia, A.  & Lionett, F.   (2018).  Testing an attachment-based parenting intervention-VIPP-FC/A in adoptive families with post-institutionalized children: Do maternal sensitivity and genetic markers count? Frontiers in Psychology, 9.  PMID: 29515483 PMCID: PMC5826058 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00156

Barone, L., Saunders, H., & Biringen, Z. (2015).  Strumenti di valutazione e interventi di sostegno alla genitorialità (“Parenting: Assessment and intervention”).  In Furio Lambruschi & Francesca Lionetti (Eds.)  La Disponibilità Emotiva: Razionale, Strumenti di Valutazione e Introduzione All’intervento. Carocci, Rome.

Barone, L.  & Biringen, Z. (2007). Le scale per la valutazione della disponibilità emozionale (Emotional Availability Scales-EAS).  In L. Barone, Emozioni e sviluppo.  Percorsi tipici e atipici.  Rome:  Carocci.

Beeghly M. A developmental psychopathology perspective on emotional availability research: current trends and challenges. Dev Psychopathol. 2012 Feb;24(1):107-11. DOI: 10.1017/S0954579411000691 PMID: 22292997.

Belt, R.H., Kouvo, A., Flykt, M., Punamäki, R.L., Haltigan, J.D., Biringen, Z., & Tamminen, T.   (2012). Intercepting the intergenerational cycle of maternal trauma and loss through infant psychotherapy: A case study using attachment-derived methods.  Journal of Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18, 100-120. PMID: 22569679 DOI: 10.1177/1359104512444116

Bentenuto, A., Perzolli, S., de Falco, S., & Venuti, P. (2020). The emotional availability in mother-child and father-child interactions in families with children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 75, Article 101569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101569

Benton, J., Coatsworth, D., & Biringen, Z. (2019).  Examining the association between emotional availability and mindful parenting.  Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28, 165-1663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01384-x

Bergmann, S., Schlesier-Michel, A., Wendt, V., Grube, M., Keitel-Korndorfer, A., Gausche, R., von Klitzing, K. & Klein, A. M. (2016). Maternal weight predicts children's psychosocial development via parenting stress and emotional availability. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1156. PMCID: PMC4978733  PMID: 27559321 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01156

Bergmann, S., von Klitzing, K., Keitel-Korndörfer, A., Wendt, V., Grube, M., Herpertz, S., Schütz, A., & Klein, A.M. (2016). Emotional availability, understanding emotions, and recognition of facial emotions in obese mothers with young children. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 80, 44-52. PMID: 26721547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.11.005

Bilgin, A. & Wolke, D. (2017) Associations between feeding problems and maternal sensitivity across infancy: Differences in very preterm and full-term infants. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 38, 538-544. ISSN 0196-206X. Kent Academic Repository Downloaded from https://kar.kent.ac.uk/82294/ The University of Kent's Academic Repository KAR The version of record is available from https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000466 PMID: 28692577

Biringen, Z. (1990).  Direct observation of maternal sensitivity and dyadic interactions in the home:  Relations to maternal thinking.  Developmental Psychology, 26, 278-284. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.26.2.278

Biringen, Z. (2004).  Raising a Secure Child:  Creating Emotional Connection Between you and Your Child, New York:  A Perigee Book.

Biringen, Z. (2009).  The Universal Language of Love:  Assessing Relationships Through the Science of Emotional Availability (EA), Boulder, CO:  emotionalavailability.com.

Biringen, Z. (2012).  Emotional availability (EA): Conceptualization and research on assessment and intervention for caregiver-child relationships.  In N. Erol (Ed.) Infant Mental Health (Bebek Ruh Sagligi), Ankara, Turkey:  Ankara University Press.  (English and Turkish in the same volume).

Biringen, Z.  (2000).  Emotional availability:  Conceptualization and research findings. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 104-114. PMID: 10702855 DOI: 10.1037/h0087711

Biringen, Z. (2005). Training and reliability issues with the Emotional Availability Scales. Infant Mental Health Journal, 26, 404–405. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20060

Biringen Z. (2000) Emotional availability: conceptualization and research findings. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 104-14. PMID: 10702855 DOI: 10.1037/h0087711

Biringen, Z. & Allender, T.  (2011, July) Using evidence-based assessments to evaluate parent-child relationship quality.  Zero to Three Journal, 31, 36-39.  No doi located..

Biringen, Z., Altenhofen, S., Aberle, J., Baker, M., Brosal, A., Bennett, S., Coker, E., Lee, C., Meyer, B., Moorlag, A., & Swaim, R. (2012).  Emotional availability, attachment, and intervention in center-based child care for infants and toddlers.  Development & Psychopathology, 24, 23–34. PMID: 22292991 DOI: 10.1017/S0954579411000630

Biringen, Z., Batten, R., Neelan, P., Altenhofen, S., Swaim, R., Bruce, A., Fetsch, R., Voitel, C., & Zachary, V. (2010).  Emotional availability (EA):  The assessment of and intervention for global parent-child relational quality.  Journal of Experiential Psychotherapy, 49, 3-9. No doi located.

Biringen, Z., Closson, L., Derr-Moore, A......Warren, V., Lucas-Thompson, R., Harman, J.J., & Neu, M. (2015).  Mindfulness, emotional availability, and emotional attachment:  Three pillars of daily practice.  Zero to Three Journal, 20-26. No doi available.

Biringen, Z., Derscheid, D., Vliegen, N., Closson, L., & Easterbrooks, M. A. (2014). Emotional availability (EA): Theoretical background, empirical research using the ea scales and clinical applications. Developmental Review, 34, 114-167. PMCID: PMC4516809  PMID: 26283996  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2014.01.002

Biringen, Z.  & Easterbrooks, A.E. (2012) Emotional availability:  A developmental psychopathology perspective.  Development & Psychopathology.  Vol. 24 (Edited volume).

Biringen, Z. & Easterbrooks, A.E.  (2012).  Emotional Availability (EA):  Concept, research, and window on developmental and psychopathology. Development & Psychopathology, 24, 1–8. PMID: 22292989 DOI: 10.1017/S0954579411000617

Biringen, Z. & Easterbrooks, A.N. (2008).  Child care and relationships.  Journal of Early Childhood and Infant Psychology, Vol. 4 (Edited volume).

Biringen, Z.  & Easterbrooks, A.E. (2012). Emotional availability:  A developmental psychopathology perspective.  Development & Psychopathology.  Vol. 24 (Edited volume).

Biringen, Z. & Easterbrooks, A.E.  (2012).  Emotional Availability (EA):  Concept, research, and window on developmental and psychopathology. Development & Psychopathology, 24, 1–8. PMID: 22292989 DOI: 10.1017/S0954579411000617

Biringen, Z. & Easterbrooks, A.E. (2012). The integration of emotional availability into a developmental psychopathology framework: Reflections on the Special Section. Development & Psychopathology, 24, 137-142. PMID: 22396974 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579411000733

Biringen, Z. & Easterbrooks, A.N. (2008).  Child care and relationships.  Journal of Early Childhood and Infant Psychology, Vol. 4 (Edited volume).

Biringen, Z. & Easterbrooks, A.N. (2008).  Child care and relationships.  In Biringen, Z. & Easterbrooks, A.N. et al. (Eds., invited special mini-series on child care). Journal of Early Childhood and Infant Psychology, 4, 1-3. No doi located.

Biringen, Z. & Easterbrooks, A. (2000).  Response to Bretherton and Emde.  Attachment and Human Development, 2, 249-250. DOI: 10.1080/14616730050085608

Biringen, Z., Emde, R.N., Brown, D., Lowe, L., Myers, S., & Nelson, D. (1999).  Emotional availability and emotion communication in naturalistic mother-infant interaction:  Evidence for gender differentiation, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 14, 463-478. No doi located.

Biringen, Z., Emde, R. N., Campos, J. J., & Appelbaum, M. (2008) Development of autonomy: role of walking onset and its timing.  Perceptual and Motor Skills, 106, 395-414. PMID: 18556897 DOI: 10.2466/pms.106.2.395-414

Biringen, Z., Emde, R.N., Campos, J.J., & Appelbaum, M. (1995).  Affective reorganization in the infant, the mother, and the dyad:  The role of upright locomotion and its timing.  Child Development, 66, 499-514. PMID: 7750380 https://doi.org/10.2307/1131593

Biringen, Z., Fuchs, A., Herpertz, S., & Biringen, E.K. (2019).  Objectively measuring compassionate behavior using the Emotional Availability (EA) Scales. OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine, 3, 11. DOI:10.21926/obm.icm.1903048

Biringen, Z., Brown, D., Donaldson, L., Krcmarik, S., & Lovas, G. (2000). Adult attachment interview:  Linkages with dimensions of emotional availability for mothers and their prekindergarteners. Attachment and Human Development, 2, 188-202. PMID: 11707910 DOI: 10.1080/14616730050085554

Biringen, Z., Damon, J., Pipp-Siegel, S., Grigg, W., & Stratton, J. (2005) et al.  Emotional availability:  Differential predictions to infant attachment based on observation time and context. Infant Mental Health Journal, 26, 295-308. PMID: 28682448 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.20054

Biringen, Z., Fidler, D. Barrett, K. & Kubicek, L.  (2005). Applying the Emotional Availability Scales to children with disabilities. Infant Mental Health Journal, 26, 369-391. PMID: 28682446 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.20058

Biringen, Z., Emde, R.N., Brown, D., Lowe, L., Myers, S., & Nelson, D. (1999).  Emotional availability and emotion communication in naturalistic mother-infant interaction:  Evidence for gender differentiation, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 14, 463-478. No doi located.

Biringen, Z., Emde, R. N., Campos, J. J., & Appelbaum, M. I. (1995). Affective reorganization in the infant, the mother, and the dyad: The role of upright locomotion and its timing. Child Development, 66, 499-514. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131593

Biringen, Z., Harman, J.J., Saunders, H., & Emde, R.N. (2017).  Attachment security and emotional availability:  How research on families challenges these prominent conceptualizations.  In N. Silton (Ed).  Family Dynamics and Romantic Relationships in a Changing Society, Hershey, PA:  IGI Global. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-2404-5.ch013

Biringen, Z., Matheny, A., Bretherton, I., Renouf, A., Sherman, M. (2000).  Maternal representation of the self as parent.  Attachment and Human Development, 2, 218-232. PMID: 11707912 DOI: 10.1080/14616730050085572

Biringen, Z., Moorlag, A., Meyer, B., Wood, J., Aberle, J., Altenhofen, S., & Bennett, S. (2008).  The emotional availability (EA) intervention with child care professionals.  Journal of Early Childhood and Infant Psychology, 4, 39-52. No doi located.

Biringen, Z. & Robinson, J. (1991).  Emotional availability:  A reconceptualization for research.  American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61, 258-271. PMID: 2048641 DOI: 10.1037/h0079238

Biringen, Z., Robinson, J. L., & Emde, R. N.  (1994). Maternal sensitivity in the second year:  Gender-based relations in the dyadic balance of control. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 64, 78-90. PMID: 8147430 DOI: 10.1037/h0079487

Biringen, Z., Sandoval, K., & Flykt, M. (2022).  Emotional Availability (EA):  Clinical populations and clinical applications.  Human Development, 66, 192-215. https://doi.org/10.1159/000525256

Biringen, Z., Sandoval, K., & Flykt, M. (2023). Observed emotional availability (EA) in the early months and adolescence and self-reported EA at any age: A narrative review. Human Development, 67, 175–192. https://doi.org/10.1159/000531632

Biringen, Z., Skillern, S. Mone, J., & Pianta, R. (2005).  Emotional availability is predictive of the emotional aspects of children’s  “school readiness”.  Journal of Early Childhood and Infant Psychology, 1, 81-98. No doi located.

Bischoff, M., Howland, V., Klinger-König, J., Tomczyk, S., Schmidt, S., Zygmunt, M., Heckmann, M., van den Berg, N., Bethke, B., Corleis, J., Günther, S., Liutkus, K., Stentzel, U., Neumann, A., Penndorf, P., Ludwig, T., Hammer, E., Winter ,T., & Grabe, H.J. (2019). Save the children by treating their mothers (PriVileG-M-study) - study protocol: a sequentially randomized controlled trial of individualized psychotherapy and telemedicine to reduce mental stress in pregnant women and young mothers and to improve Child's health. BMC Psychiatry. 19, 371. PMID: 31775668 PMCID: PMC6880484 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2279-0

Bjorklund, O., Wichstrom, L., Llewellyn, C.H., & Steinsbekk, S. (2019).  Emotional over- and undereating in children: A longitudinal analysis of child and contextual predictors.  Child Development, 90, 803–818. PMID: 29959767 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13110

Black, M., Hager, E., Wang, Y., Hurley, K., Latta, L., Candelaria, M., Caulfield, L.  (2020). Toddler obesity prevention: A two‐generation randomized attention‐controlled trial. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 13075–13075. PMCID: PMC7729807  PMID: 32885909 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13075

Bohr, P. (2018). Evaluating caregiver sensitivity to infants: Measures matter. Infancy, 23, 730–747. PMCID: PMC6126366  NIHMSID: NIHMS984531  PMID: 30197581 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12248

Bornstein, M. H., Gini, M., Putnick, D. L., Haynes, O. M., Painter, K. M., & Suwalsky, A. J. T. (2006). Short-term reliability and continuity of emotional availability in mother–child dyads across contexts of observation. Infancy, 10, 1–16. PMID: 33412671 DOI: 10.1207/s15327078in1001_1

Bornstein, M. H., Gini, M., Suwalsky, J. T. D., Putnick, D. L., & Haynes, O. M. (2006). Emotional availability in mother-child dyads: Short-term stability and continuity from variable-centered and person-centered perspectives. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 52, 547–571. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2006.0024

Bornstein, M.H., Putnick, D.L., Heslington, M., Gini, M., Suwalsky, J.T.D., Venuti, P., de Falco, S., Giusti, Z. & Zingman de Galperin, C. (2008).  Mother-child emotional availability in ecological perspective:  Three countries, two regions, two genders.  Developmental Psychology, 44, 666-680. PMCID: PMC5827925  NIHMSID: NIHMS942670  PMID: 18473635 DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.666

Bornstein, M., Putnick, D., Suwalsky, J (2016). Emotional interactions in European American mother-infant firstborn and secondborn dyads: A within-family study. Development Psychology, 52, 1363-1369. PMCID: PMC5827931  NIHMSID: NIHMS942680  PMID: 27505695 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000158

Bornstein, M.H., Putnick, D.L., & Suwalsky, J.T.D.(2016).  Infant-mother and infant-caregiver emotional relationships: Process analyses of interactions in three contemporary childcare arrangements. Infancy, 21, 8-36. PMCID: PMC5863914  NIHMSID: NIHMS702971  PMID: 29576750 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12097

Bornstein, M.H., Putnick, D.L., & Suwalsky, J.T. (2012).  A longitudinal process analysis of mother-child emotional relationships in a rural Appalachian European American community. American Journal of Community Psychology, 50, 89-100. PMCID: PMC3424281  NIHMSID: NIHMS337091  PMID: 22080397  DOI: 10.1007/s10464-011-9479-1

Bornstein, M.H., Putnick, D.L., Suwalsky, J.T., Venuti, P., de Falco, S., de Galperín, C.Z., Gini, M., & Tichovolsky, M.H. (2012).  Emotional relationships in mothers and infants: Culture-common and community-specific characteristics of dyads from rural and metropolitan settings in Argentina, Italy, and the United States. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 43, 171-197. PMCID: PMC3254095  NIHMSID: NIHMS228866  PMID: 22247569 DOI: 10.1177/0022022110388563

Bornstein, M.H., Suwalsky, J.T., & Breakstone, D.A. (2012).  Emotional relationships between mothers and infants: Knowns, unknowns, and unknown unknowns. Developmental Psychopathology, 24, 113-23. PMID: 22292998; PMCID: PMC3426791 DOI: 10.1017/S0954579411000708

Bornstein, M.H., Suwalsky, J.T., Putnick, D.L., Gini, M., Venuti, P,. de Falco, S., Heslington, M., de Galperín, C.Z. (2010).  Developmental continuity and stability of emotional availability in the family: Two ages and two genders in child-mother dyads from two regions in three countries. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 34, 385-397. PMCID: PMC2931362  NIHMSID: NIHMS228875  PMID: 20824179 DOI: 10.1177/0165025409339080

Boyd, R.N., Greaves, S., Ziviani, J., Novak, I., Badawi, N., Pannek, K., Elliott, C., Wallen, M., Morgan, C., Valentine, J., Findlay, L., Guzzetta, A., Whittingham, K,. Ware, R.S., Fiori, S., Maitre, N.L., Heathcock, J., Scott, K., Eliasson, A.C., & Sakzewski, L. (2025).  Randomized comparison trial of rehabilitation very early for infants with congenital hemiplegia. Journal of Pediatrics, 277, 114381. PMID: 39477009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.114381

Bozicevic, L., Lucas, C., Magai, D.N., Ooi,Y., Maliwichi, L., Sharp, H., Gladstone M.  (2024). Evaluating caregiver-child interactions in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review of tools and methods. Journal of Reproductive & Infant Psychology, 5, 1-36. PMID: 38441002 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2024.2321615

Branson Dame K, Jazz Harvey M, Aichele S, Kralewski Van Denburg A, Hoyer L, Joslin S, McKenna A, Lincoln M, Closson L, Flykt M, Salo S, Harvey A, Biringen Z. (2024).  Movement through motherhood: Exploring mood, wellbeing, and prenatal emotional availability (EA) through EA-based dance intervention. Infant Mental Health Journal. 45, 22-39. PMID: 38081788 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.22093

Bretherton, I. (2000). Emotional availability: An attachment perspective. Attachment and Human Development, 2, 233–241. PMID: 11707913 DOI: 10.1080/14616730050085581

Caldwell, J., Meredith, P. Whittingham, K., & Ziviani, J. (2022). Associations between prenatal factors and self-reported emotional availability at 3- and 6 months postpartum.   OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine, 7, 1-30. doi:10.21926/obm.icm.2203028

Campbell, J. (2007). Understanding the emotional needs of children who are blind. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 101, 351-355. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X0710100605

Capistrano, C.G., Grande, L.A., McRae, K., Phan, K.L., & Kim, P. (2022).  Maternal socioeconomic disadvantage, neural function during volitional emotion regulation, and parenting. Social Neuroscience. 17, 276-292. PMID: 35620995 PMCID: PMC10829500 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2022.2082521

Carter, A.S., Garrity-Rokous, F.E., Chazan-Cohen, R., Little, C., & Briggs-Gowan, M.J. (2001). Maternal depression and comorbidity: predicting early parenting, attachment security, and toddler social-emotional problems and competencies. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 4, 18-26. PMID: 11195555 DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200101000-00012

Carter, A.S., Little, C.B., & Gerrity-Takous, F. (1998).  Adapting the Emotional Availability Scales for 4-month old infant-mother dyads. Associations with molecular coding and maternal psychopathology.  Infant Behavior and Development, 21 (Supp), 25.  Retieved from http:www.sciencedirect.com.hslezproxy.ucdenver.edu/science/journal/01636383/21 No doi available.

Cassibba, R., van IJzendoorn, M.H., & Coppola, G. (2012).  Emotional availability and attachment across generations: variations in patterns associated with infant health risk status. Child Care Health Development. 38, 38-44. PMID: 21752061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01274.x

Célia, M.-G., Stack, D. M., & Serbin, L. A. (2018). Developmental patterns of change in mother and child emotional availability from infancy to the end of the preschool years: A four-wave longitudinal study. Infant Behavior & Development, 52, 76–88. PMID: 29870885 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2018.05.005

Champagne, F. A., & Curley, J. P. (2009). Epigenetic mechanisms mediating the long-term effects of maternal care on development. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33, 593-600. PMID: 18430469 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.10.009

Chaudhuri, J. H., Easterbrooks, M. A., & Davis, C. R. (2009). The relation between emotional availability and parenting style: Cultural and economic factors in a diverse sample of young mothers. Parenting: Science and Practice, 9(3-4), 277–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295190902844613

Cheung, H. S. (2021). Maternal sensitivity and warmth in Singapore: Cultural insights from comparing the Ainsworth and Emotional Availability Scales. Infant and Child Development, 30. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2233

Cheung, H., & Elliot, J. (2016). Measuring maternal sensitivity: Cultural variations in the measurements of emotional availability. Child Development, 87, 898-915. PMID: 27029740 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12519

Chirico, I., Andrei, F., Salvatori, P., Malaguti, I., Trombini, E. (2019).  The Focal Play Therapy: A clinical approach to promote child health and family well-being. Frontiers in Public Health. 7, 77. PMCID: PMC6460255  PMID: 31024878 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00077

Chirico, I., Andrei, F., Salvatori, P., Malaguti, I., & Trombini, E. (2020). The Focal Play Therapy: An empirical study on the parent-therapist alliance, parent-child interactions and parenting stress in a clinical sample of children and their parents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.17, 8379. PMID: 33198341 PMCID: PMC7697913 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228379

Clark, E. L. M., Yuqin, J., Sandoval, K., & Biringen, Z. (2021). Neurobiological implications of parent–child emotional availability: A review. Brain Sciences, 11, 1016. PMCID: PMC8391119  PMID: 34439635 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081016

Closson, L., Flykt, M., & Biringen, Z. (2020). Evaluation of Possums Sleep Intervention: A pilot feasibility study.  Journal of Nursing Education & Practice, 10, 15-23. https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v10n2p15

Cloud, Z.C.G., Spittle,A., Cheong, J., Doyle, L.W., Anderson, P.J., & Treyvaud, K (2024). Predicting externalizing behaviors in typically developing toddlers at 24 months: Insights from parenting at 12 months.  Infant Behavior and Development, 76. PMID: 38820858 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2024.101964

Cloud, Z.C.G., Kehoe, C.E., Treyvaud, K. et al. (2025). Improving emotional availability in Australian mother-toddler dyads via the Tuning in to Toddlers parenting program. Science Reports, 15, 4588. 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80827-y.1038/s41598-024-80827-y

Cohen, L., Efrat Sher-Censor, E., Oppenheim, D., Dassa, A., Ayalon, L., & Palgi1, Y. (2022a).  Emotional availability in dyads of nursing aide - Person with Dementia: Old tool, new perspective. Dementia , 21, 882-898. PMID: 35090350 DOI: 10.1177/14713012211065396

Cohen, L., Efrat Sher-Censor, E., Oppenheim, D., Dassa, A., Ayalon, L., & Palgi1, Y.  (2022b).  Nursing aides' mentalization, expressed emotion, and observed interaction with resident with dementia:  A quasi-experimental study.  Geriatric Nursing, 45, 100-107. PMID: 35367842 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2022.03.002

Copeland, A., Korja, R., Nolvi, S., Rajasilta, O., Pulli, E.P., Kumpulainen, V., Silver, E,. Saukko, E., Hakanen, H., Holmberg, E., Kataja, E.L., Häkkinen, S., Parkkola, R., Lähdesmäki, T., Karlsson, L., Karlsson, H., & Tuulari, J.J. (2022).  Maternal sensitivity at the age 8 months associates with local connectivity of the medial prefrontal cortex in children at 5 years of age. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 16, 920995. PMCID: PMC9520291  PMID: 36188450 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.920995

Coppola, G., Cassibba, R., & Costantini, A. (2007).  What can make the difference?: Premature birth and maternal sensitivity at 3 months of age: The role of attachment organization, traumatic reaction and baby's medical risk. Infant Behavior and Development, 30,  679-684. PMID: 17449102 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2007.03.004

Coppola G, Vaughn BE, Cassibba R, Costantini A. (2006). The attachment script representation procedure in an Italian sample: Associations with adult attachment interview scales and with maternal sensitivity. Attachment and Human Development, 8, 209-19. PMID: 16938704 DOI: 10.1080/14616730600856065

Crugnola, C.R., Ierardi, E., & Canevini, M.P. (2017).  Reflective functioning, maternal attachment, mind-mindedness, and emotional availability in adolescent and adult mothers at infant 3 months.  Attachment and Human Development, 20, 84-106. PMID: 28925329 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2017.1379546

Czik, A.A., Elizarov, E., &  Ziv, Y. (2025). The association between maternal social information processing and preschool children social and learning problems via maternal insightfulness and children's social information processing, Early Childhood Research Quarterly,70, 404-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2024.11.010

De Falco, S., Emer, A., Martini, L., Rigo, P., Pruner, S., & Venuti, P. (2014).  Predictors of mother-child interaction quality and child attachment security in at-risk families.  Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1-10. PMCID: PMC4138774  PMID: 25191287 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00898

De Falco, S., Esposito, G., Venuti, P., & Bornstein, M.H. (2010).  Mothers and fathers at play with their children with down syndrome: Influence on child exploratory and symbolic activity. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 23, 597-605. PMCID: PMC4138774  PMID: 25191287 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00898

de Falco, S., Venuti, P., Esposito, G., & Bornstein, M. H. (2009). Mother-child and father-child emotional availability in families of children with Down syndrome. Parenting: Science and Practice, 9(3-4), 198–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295190902844381

Derscheid, D.J., Fogg, L.F., Julion, W., Johnson, M.E., Tucker, S., & Delaney, K.R. (2019).  Emotional Availability Scale among three U.S. race/ethnic groups.  Western Journal of Nursing Research, 41, 409. PMID: 29781393 DOI: 10.1177/0193945918776617

Dietzel, J., Röer, J. P., Vetterlein, S., Schölmerich, A., Schneider, D. T., & Gawehn, N. (2023). Parenting preterm children: Emotional availability at preschool age. SAGE Open, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231174169

Din, L., Pillai Riddell, R., & Gordner, S. (2009).  Brief report: maternal emotional availability and infant pain-related distress. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34, 722-6. PMID: 18854328 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsn110

Dittrich, K., Fuchs, A., Führer, D., Bermpohl, F., Kluczniok, D., Attar, C.H., Jaite, C., Zietlow, A-L., Licata, M., Reck, C., Herpertz, S.C., Brunner, R., Mohler, E., Resch, F., Winter, S.M., Lehmkuhl, U.,  & Bodeker, K. (2017).  Observational context of mother-child interaction: Impact of a stress context on emotional availability.  Journal of Child & Family Studies, 26, 1583–1591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0678-8

Dittrich, K., Fuchs, A., Bermpohl, F., Meyer, J., Führer, D., Reichl, C., ... & Möhler, E. (2018). Effects of maternal history of depression and early life maltreatment on children's health related quality of life. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225, 280-288. PMID: 28843077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.053

Dolev, S., Oppenheim, D., Koren-Karie, N., & Yirmiya, N. (2009). Emotional availability in mother-child interaction: The case of children with autism spectrum disorders. Parenting: Science and Practice, 9(3-4), 183–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295190902844332

Dolev, S., Sher-Censo. E., Baransi, N., Amarab, K., & Said, M. (2016). Resolution of the child’s ASD diagnosis among Arab–Israeli mothers: Associations with maternal sensitivity and wellbeing. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 21, 73-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2015.09.004

Dombrowski, S. C., Timmer, S. G., Blacker, D. M., & Urquiza, A. J. (2005). A positive behavioural intervention for toddlers: Parent-Child Attunement Therapy. Child Abuse Review, 14, 132–151. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.888

Driscoll, J. R., & Easterbrooks, M. A. (2007). Young mothers' play with their toddlers: Individual variability as a function of psychosocial factors. Infant and Child Development, 16, 649–670. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.515

Duister, R., Lotte, V.M., Tabbers, M., Rings, E., Wijnen, R., Spoel, M.,  & Koning, B.  Legerstee, J., & Lambregtse-van den Berg, M. (2024). Parent‐child interaction is related to emotional and behavioral problems in pediatric intestinal failure. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 78, 1241-1250. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpn3.12189

Dungan, M., Lincoln, M., Aichele, S., Clark, E.L.M., Harvey, A., Hoyer, L., Jiao, Y., Joslin, S., Russell, F., & Biringen Z. (2023). Mother-child and father-child emotional availability during the COVID-19 pandemic. Children (Basel), 10, 1044. PMCID: PMC9877570  PMID: 36468187 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12517

Easterbrooks, M. A., Biesecker, G., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2000). Infancy predictors of emotional availability in middle childhood: The roles of attachment security and maternal depressive symptomatology. Attachment & Human Development, 2(2), 170–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730050085545

Easterbrooks, A.E. & Biringen, Z. (2009).  Emotional availability across contexts.  Parenting:  Science & Practice, Vol.9  (Edited volume)

Easterbrooks, A.E. & Biringen, Z. (2009).   Introduction to the special issue:  Emotional availability across contexts.  Parenting:  Science & Practice, 9, 179-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295190902844266

Easterbrooks, M.A. & Biringen, Z. (2005). The Emotional Availability Scales.  Infant Mental Health Journal. Vol. 26 (Edited volume).

Easterbrooks, M. A., & Biringen, Z. (2005). The Emotional Availability Scales: Methodological refinements of the construct and clinical implications related to gender and at-risk interactions. Infant Mental Health Journal, 26, 291–294. PMID: 28682467 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.20053

Easterbrooks, A. & Biringen, Z. (2000).  Emotional availability.  Attachment and Human Development. Vol. 2 (Edited volume).

Easterbrooks, A. & Biringen, Z. (2000).   Mapping the terrain of emotional availability and attachment.  Attachment and Human Development, 2, 129-135. PMID: 11707906 DOI: 10.1080/14616730050085518

Easterbrooks, M.A., Chaudhuri, J.H., & Gestsdottir, S. (2005).  Patterns of emotional availability among young mothers and their infants: A dyadic, contextual analysis. Infant Mental Health Journal, 26, 309-326. PMID: 28682449 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.20057

Edelstein, R. S., Alexander, K.W., Shaver, P.R., Schaaf, J.M., Quas, J.A., Lovas, G.S., & Goodman, G.S. (2004).  Adult attachment style and parental responsiveness during a stressful event. Attachment and Human Development, 6, 31-52. PMID: 14982678 DOI: 10.1080/146167303100001659584

Eeles, A,L., Spittle, A.J., Dusing, S., Anderson, P.J., Brown, S., Dalziel, K., Fehring, S.M., Henty, G., Holland, A.E., Huang, L., Hunt, R.W., Kozaris, E., Lee, K., Morgan, A.T., Schembri, R., & Treyvaud, K. (2024).  Protocol for a multisite randomised controlled trial assessing the effect of the Telehealth for Early Developmental Intervention in babies born very preterm (TEDI-Prem) programme on neurodevelopmental outcomes and parent well-being. BMJ Open. 14. PMID: 39806618 PMCID: PMC11667297 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-086904

Eguren, A., Cyr, C., Dubois-Comtois, K., & Muela, A. (2023). Effects of the Attachment Video-feedback Intervention (AVI) on parents and children at risk of maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Child Abuse Neglect, 139.106121. PMID: 36848862 PMCID: PMC9951047 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106121

Ekmekci, H., Malda, M., Yagmur, S., van IJzendoorn, M.H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., & Mesman, J. The discrepancy between sensitivity beliefs and sensitive parenting behaviors of ethnic majority and ethnic minority mothers.  Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 48, 60-67. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000032

Ellis-Davies, K., Gelderen, L. V. R.-v., Winstanley, A., Helmerhorst, K. O. W., Rubio, B., Vecho, O., Lamb, M. E., & Bos, H. M. W. (2022). Parental sensitivity and intrusiveness in gay-, lesbian-, and heterosexual-parent families with infants conceived using artificial reproductive techniques: Do parents’ gender and caregiver role matter? Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 58, 177–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.09.002

Emde, R. N. (1980). Emotional availability: A reciprocal reward system for infants and parents with implications for prevention of psychosocial disorders. In P. M. Taylor (Ed.), Parent–infant relationships (pp. 87–115). Grune & Stratton. No doi located.

Emde, R.N. (2000). Next steps in emotional availability research. Attachment and Human Development, 2, 242-8; discussion 249-50. PMID: 11707914 DOI: 10.1080/14616730050085590

Emde, R.N. (2012).  Emotional availability: critical questions and research horizons. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 125-129. PMID: 22292999 DOI: 10.1017/S095457941100071X

Emde, R.N. & Easterbrooks, M.A. (1985). Assessing Emotional availability in early development. In: Frankenburg, W.K., Emde, R.N., Sullivan, J.W. (eds) Early Identification of Children at Risk. Topics in Developmental Psychobiology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0536-9_5

Endendijk, J.J., Groeneveld, M.G., Dekovic, M., van den Boomen, C. (2017).  Short-term test retest reliability and continuity of emotional availability in parent–child dyads.  International Journal of Behavioral Development,  43, 271–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025419830256

Endendijk, J. J., De Bruijn, A. T., Van Bakel, H. J., Wijnen, H. A., Pop, V. J., & Van Baar, A. L. (2017). Maternal interaction quality moderates effects of prenatal maternal emotional symptoms on girls’ internalizing problems. Infant Mental Health Journal, 38, 634-644. PMID: 28842975 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21662

Erhart, A., Watamura, S., Olsavsky, A.K., Dufford, A., Tribble, R., Yeh, T., & Kim, P. (2025).  Maternal cortisol concentration is associated with reduced brain activation to infant cry and more intrusive parenting behavior. Psycho-neuroendocrinology, 171, 107207. PMID: 39413527 PMCID: PMC11724425 (available on 2026-01-01) DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107207

Eskola, E., Kataja, E.L., Hyönä, J., Hakanen, H., Nolvi, S., Häikiö, T., Pelto, J., Karlsson, H., Karlsson, L., & Korja, R. (2024).  Lower maternal emotional availability is related to increased attention toward fearful faces during infancy. Infant Behavior and Development. 74, 01900. PMID: 37979474 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2023.101900

Espinet, S. D., Jeong, J. J., Motz, M., Racine, N., Major, D., & Pepler, D. (2013). Multimodal assessment of the mother–child relationship in a substance‐exposed sample: Divergent associations with the Emotional Availability Scales. Infant Mental Health Journal, 34, 496–507. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21409

Esposito, G., Raghunath, B.L., Azhari, A., Setoh, P., & Bornstein, M.C. (2021). Predicting mother and child emotional availability in Singaporean bilingual English and Mandarin dyads: A Multilevel approach to the specificity principle. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101241

Essler, S., Becher, T., Pletti, C., Gniewosz, B., & Paulus, M. (2023).  Longitudinal evidence that infants develop their imitation abilities by being imitated. Current Biology, 33, 4674-4678. PMID: 37757831 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.084

Feniger-Schaal, R. & Joels, T.(2018).  Attachment quality of children with ID and its link to maternal sensitivity and structuring. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 76, 56-64. PMID: 29567485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.03.004

Feniger-Schaal, R., Oppenheim, D., & Koren-Karie, N. (2019). Parenting children with intellectual disability: linking maternal insightfulness to sensitivity: Maternal insightfulness and sensitivity. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 63. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12614

Filippi, B., Porreca, A., De Carli, P., Biringen, Z., & Simonelli, A. (2025).  Patterns of emotional availability, psychopathology, and sociodemographic risk factors among mothers with substance use disorders and their children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. PMID: 40354287 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000856

Firk, C., Dahmen, B., Dempfle, A., Niessen, A., Baumann, C., Schwarte, R., Koslowski, J., Kelberlau, K.,Konrad, K. & Herpertz-Dahlmann, B. (2021). A Mother-Child Intervention Program for Adolescent Mothers: Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial (the TeeMo Study). Development and Psychopathology, 1-14. PMID: 32646526 DOI: 10.1017/S0954579420000280

Firk, C., Dahmen, B., Lehmann, C., Niessen, A., Koslowski, J., Rauch, G., Schwarte, R., Stich, K., Konrad, K, & Herpertz-Dahlmann, B. (2015). A mother-child intervention program in adolescent mothers and their children to improve maternal sensitivity, child responsiveness and child development (the TeeMo study): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 16, 230. PMID: 26012585 PMCID: PMC4446828 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-0747-5

Fleck, L., Amelung, D., Fuchs, A., Mayer, B., Escher, M., Listunova, L., Schultz, J.H., Möltner, A., Schütte, C., Wittenberg, T., Schneider, I., & Herpertz, S.C. (2025).  Interactional competencies in medical student admission- what makes a "good medical doctor"? Advances in Health Sciences Education:  Theory & Practice, 30, 439-458. PMID: 39008161 PMCID: PMC11965163 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-024-10348-w

Flykt, M., Belt, R., Salo, S., Pajulo, M., Punamaki, R-L. (2022).  Prenatal reflective functioning as a predictor of substance-using mothers' treatment outcome:  Comparing results from two different RF Measures.  Frontiers, 13. PMID: 35959038 PMCID: PMC9359121 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.909414

Flykt, M., Lindblom, J., Belt, R., & Punamäki, R-L (2021). The role of mother’s prenatal substance use disorder and early parenting for child school-age social cognition. Infant and Child Development, 30. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2221

Flykt, M.S., Prince, M., Vänskä, M., Lindblom, J.1, Minkkinen, J., Tiitinen, A., Poikkeus, P. Biringen, Z., & Punamäki, R-L. (2022). Adolescent attachment to parents and peers in singletons and twins born with assisted and natural conception.  Human Reproduction. PMCID: PMC8994490  PMID: 35419495 DOI: 10.1093/hropen/hoac012

Flykt, M., Punamaki, R. Belt, R., Biringen, Z., Salo, S., Posa, T., Pajulo, M. (2012).  Maternal representations and emotional availability among drug-abusing and non-using mothers and their infants.  Infant Mental Health Journal, 33, 123-138. PMID: 28520099 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21313

Fonseca, V.R,. Silva, G.A., & Otta, E. (2010).  Relação entre depressão pós-parto e disponibilidade emocional materna [The relationship between postpartum depression and maternal emotional availability]. Cad Saude Publica, 26, 738-46. Portuguese. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2010000400016

Frigerio, A., & Nazzari, S. (2021). Antenatal maternal anxiety, maternal sensitivity, and toddlers' behavioral problems:  An Investigation of Possible Pathways. Early Human Development, 157. PMID: 33813323 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2021.105364

Frigerio, A., Porreca, A., Simonelli, A., & Nazzari, S. (2019). Emotional availability in samples of mothers at high risk for depression and with substance use disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 577. PMID: 30936847 PMCID: PMC6431618 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00577

Fuchs, A., Biringen,  Z., Mayer, B.E., Schneider, I. & Herpertz, S.C. (2021).  Interactional Competencies – Medical Doctors (IC-MD):  Manual for Evaluating Interactional Competencies of Medical School Applicants, unpublished manual, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.

Fuchs, A., Mohler, E., Resch, F., & Kaess, M. (2015). Impact of maternal history of childhood abuse on the development of mother-infant interaction during the first year of life. Child Abuse & Neglect, 48, 179-189. PMID: 26140735 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.05.023

Garvin, M.C., Tarullo, A.R., Van Ryzin, M., & Gunnar, M.R. (2012).  Postadoption parenting and socioemotional development in postinstitutionalized children. Development & Psychopathology, 24, 35-48. PMID: 22292992 DOI: 10.1017/S0954579411000642

Geeraerts, S.B., Endendijk, J.J., Dekovic, M., Huijding, J., Deater-Deckard, K., & Mesman, J. (2020).  Inhibitory control across the preschool years:  Developmental changes and associations with parenting.  Child Development, 92, 335-350. PMID: 32767761 PMCID: PMC7891350 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13426

Georg AK, Cierpka M, Schröder-Pfeifer P, Kress S, Taubner S. (2021).  The efficacy of Brief Parent-Infant Psychotherapy for treating early regulatory disorders: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 60(6):723-733. PMID: 32976954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.06.016

Giannotti, M., Gemignani, M., Simonelli, A., de Falco, S., Lomoriello, A.S., Filippi, B., Perzolli, S., Venuti, P., & Rigo, P. (2025). Maternal electrophysiological response to interactions with their own child: A preliminary study in a sample of same-sex mothers. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 25, 100612, ISSN 1697-2600, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100612.

Giannotti, M., Rigo, P., Carone, N., Raine, K.H. (2025).  Editorial: Neurobiological, psychological, and environmental influences on parenting and child development: an inclusive and interdisciplinary perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 29, 16:1676172. PMCID: PMC12426113  PMID: 40949337 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1676172

Gibson, F.L., Ungerer, J.A., McMahon, C.A., Leslie, G.I., & Saunders, D.M. (2000).  The mother-child relationship following in vitro fertilisation (IVF): infant attachment, responsivity, and maternal sensitivity. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 41, 1015-23. DOI:10.1111/1469-7610.00689

Gilissen, R., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., van IJzendoorn, M.H., & van der Veer, R. (2008).  Parent-child relationship, temperament, and physiological reactions to fear-inducing film clips: further evidence for differential susceptibility. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 99, 182-95. PMID: 17681350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2007.06.004

Goldman Fraser, J., Harris-Britt, A., Leone Thakkallapalli, E., Kurtz-Costes, B., & Martin, S.  (2010).  Emotional availability and psychosocial correlates among mothers in substance-abuse treatment and their young infants. Infant Mental Health Journal. 31, 1-15. PMID: 28543592 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.20239

Golombok, S., Murray, C., Jadva, V., Lycett, E., MacCallum, F., & Rust, J. (2006).  Non-genetic and non-gestational parenthood:  Consequences for parent-child relationships and the psychological well-being of mothers, fathers, and children at age 3.  Human Reproduction, 21, 1918-1924.  PMID: 16517564

DOI: 10.1093/humrep/del039

Gueron-Sela, N., Atzaba-Poria, N., Meiri, G., & Yerushalmi, B. (2011).  Maternal worries about child underweight mediate and moderate the relationship between child feeding disorders and mother-child feeding interactions. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 36, 827-36. PMID: 21278376 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsr001

Gul, H., Erol, N., Akin, D.P., Gullu, B.U., Akcakin, M., Alpas, B., & Öner, Ö. (2016).  Emotional availability in early mother-child interactions for children with autism spectrum disorders, other psychiatric disorders, and developmental delay. Infant Mental Health Journal. 37, 151-9. PMID: 26891759 PMCID: PMC4829206 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21558

Hakanen, H., Flykt, M., Sinerva, E., Nolvi, S., Kataja, E-L., Pelto, J., Karlsson, H., Karlsson, L., & Korja, R. (2019).  How maternal pre-and postnatal symptoms of depression and anxiety affect early mother-infant interaction?  Journal of Affective Disorders, 257, 83-90. PMID: 31299408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.048

Hallers-Haalboom, E.T., Groeneveld, M.G., van Berkel, S.R., Endendijk, J.J., van der Pol, L.D., Linting, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., & Mesman, J. (2017).  Mothers' and fathers' sensitivity with their two children: A longitudinal study from infancy to early childhood. Developmental Psychology. 53(5), 860-872. PMID: 28459275 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000293

Hallers-Haalboom, E.T., Mesman, J., Groeneveld, M.G., Endendijk, J.J., van Berkel, S.R., van der Pol, L.D., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J. (2014).  Mothers, fathers, sons and daughters: Parental sensitivity in families with two children. Journal of Family Psychology, 28, 138-147. PMID: 24635666 DOI: 10.1037/a0036004

Harel, J., Eshel, Y., Ganor, O. & Scher, A. (2002). Antecedents of mirror self‐recognition of toddlers: Emotional availability, birth order, and gender. Infant Mental Health Journal. 23. 293 - 309. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.10016

Harkoma, S.M., Sajaniemi, N.K., Suhonen, E., & Saha, M. (2021).  Impact of pedagogical intervention on early childhood professionals’ emotional availability to children with different temperament characteristics. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2021.1895264

Harnett, P.H., & Dawe, S. (2012).  The contribution of mindfulness-based therapies for children and families and conceptual integration proposed. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 17, 195-208. PMID: 32847274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-3588.2011.00643.x

Harris, M., MacMillan, H., Andrews, K., Atkinson, L., Kimber, M., England-Mason, G., & Gonzalez, A. (2021).  Maternal adverse childhood experiences, executive function and emotional availability in mother-child dyads.  Child Abuse & Neglect, 111. PMID: 33307519 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104830

Harris, M., Wekerle, C., Joshi, D., & Atkinson, L.R. (2023).  Maternal childhood maltreatment history and child behavior problems:  Developmental patterns & mediation via maternal depressive symptoms & parenting behavior.  Child Maltreatment, 28, 254-264. PMID: 35081793 PMCID: PMC10021123 DOI: 10.1177/10775595221074364

Hemke, A.D., Trevino, C.O., Romanowicz, M., Schechter, D.S. (2025).  Dyadic assessment of caregivers and infants, toddlers, and preschoolers in clinical practice. Child & Adolescent Psychiatriatric Clinics of North America, 34, 215-234. PMID: 40044264 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2024.07.006

Høivik, M. S., Lydersen, S., Ranøyen, I., & Berg-Nielsen, T. S. (2018). Maternal personality disorder symptoms in primary health care: associations with mother–toddler interactions at one-year follow-up. BMC Psychiatry, 18, 198. PMID: 30545336 PMCID: PMC6292117 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1962-x

Holmberg, E., Kataja, E.L., Davis, E.P., Pajulo, M., Nolvi, S., Hakanen, H., Karlsson, L., Karlsson, H., & Korja, R. (2022).  The connection and development of unpredictability and sensitivity in maternal care across early childhood. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 803047. PMID: 35330718 PMCID: PMC8940198 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.803047

Howes, C., & Hong, S. S. (2008). Early emotional availability: Predictive of pre-kindergarten relationships among Mexican-heritage children? Journal of Early Childhood and Infant Psychology, 4, 4–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295190902844589

Howes, C., & Obregon, N. B. (2009). Emotional availability in Mexican-heritage low-income mothers and children: Infancy through preschool. Parenting: Science and Practice, 9, 260–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295190902844589

Huffhines, L., Coe, J.L., Busuito, A. & Seifer, R. &  Parade, S.H. (2021).  Understanding links between maternal perinatal posttraumatic stress symptoms and infant socioemotional and physical health.  Infant Mental Health Journal, 43, 474–492. PMID: 35513001 PMCID: PMC9177799 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21985

Hunter, H., Benoit Allen, K., Liu, R., Jaekel, J., & Bell, M.A. (2021).  Examining the bidirectional relationships between maternal intrusiveness and child internalizing symptoms in a community sample: A longitudinal study from infancy to middle childhood. Depression & Anxiety, 38, 1245-1255. PMID: 34339555 PMCID: PMC9385210 DOI: 10.1002/da.23207

Imrie, S., Jadva, V., Fishel, S., & Golombok, S. (2019). Families created by egg donation: Parent-child relationship quality in infancy. Child Development, 90, 1333-1349. PMID: 30015989 PMCID: PMC6640047 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13124

Ismair, S., Dinzinger, A., Markova, G., Schropp, J., Brisch, K.H., Sperl, W., & Priewasser, B. (2025). One and one makes three-mothers' and fathers' attachment, mentalizing and parenting sensitivity. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 16, PMID: 40718554 PMCID: PMC12289603 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1582698

Isosavi, S., Diab, S. Y., Qouta, S., Kangaslampi, S., Sleed, M., Kankaanpaa, S., Puura, K., & Punamaki, R. L. (2020). Caregiving representations in war conditions: Associations with maternal trauma, mental health, and mother-infant interaction. Infant Mental Health Journal 41, 246-263. PMID: 32057130 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21841

Isosävi, S., Flykt, M., Belt, R., Posa, T., Kuittinen, S., Puura, K., & Punamäki, R-L. (2016). Attachment representations among substance-abusing women in transition to motherhood: implications for prenatal emotions and mother–infant interaction. Attachment and Human Development, 18, 391-417. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2016.1151904

Jian, N. & Teti, D.M. (2016).  Emotional availability at bedtime, infant temperament, and infant sleep development from one to six months. Sleep Medicine, 23, 49–58. PMCID: PMC5065261  NIHMSID: NIHMS802860  PMID: 27692276 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.07.001

John, A., Morris, A. S., & Halliburton, A. L. (2012). Looking beyond maternal sensitivity: Mother–child correlates of attachment security among children with intellectual disabilities in urban India. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 42, 2335–2345. PMID: 22371146 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-012-1479-y

Jones-Mason, K., Coccia, M., Alkon, A., Melanie Thomas, K.C., Laraia, B., Adler, N., Epel, E.S., & Bush, N.R. (2023).  Parental sensitivity modifies the associations between maternal prenatal stress exposure, autonomic nervous system functioning and infant temperament in a diverse, low-income sample. Attachment & Human Development. 25, 487-523. PMID: 37749913 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2023.2257669

Kammermeier, M. & Paulus, M. (2021).  Maternal sensitivity and non-intrusiveness at 12 months predict attention to emotional facial expressions at 24 months: A cross-lagged panel approach. Social Development, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12561

Kang, M.J. (2011). Mother-child emotional availability mediating the effects of maternal psychological well-being and child's cognitive competence on child behavior problems.  International Journal of Human Ecology. DOI: 10.6115/ljhe.2011.12.2.95

Kang, M.J.  (2013) Quality of mother-child interaction assessed by the Emotional Availability Scales:  Associations with maternal psychological well-being, child behavior problems and child cognitive functioning.  Apple Books. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1124158815

Kao, K., Tuladhar, C.T. &  Tarullo, A.R. (2020).  Parental and family-level sociocontextual correlates of emergent emotion regulation: Implications for early social competence.  Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 1630–1641. PMID: 34334997 PMCID: PMC8323769 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-020-01706-4

Kaplan, L.A., Evans, L., & Monk, C. (2008).  Effects of mothers' prenatal psychiatric status and postnatal caregiving on infant biobehavioral regulation: Can prenatal programming be modified? Early Human Development, 84, 249-56. PMID: 17761394 PMCID: PMC2430180 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2007.06.004

Kaplan, P. S., Danko, C.M., Cejka, A.M., & Everhart, K.D. (2015).  Maternal depression and the learning-promoting effects of infant-directed speech: Roles of maternal sensitivity, depression diagnosis, and speech acoustic cues. Infant Behavior & Development, 41, 52-63. PMID: 26311468 PMCID: PMC5649253 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2015.06.011

Kanehira, N., Kang, Y. A., Suwa, E., Asaeda, S., Tsutsumi, T., Tsuji, K., Fukudome, K., Nakano, M., & Yuzawa, M. (2025). Factor structure and validity of the Japanese version of the Emotional Availability Self-Report. Children, 12, 867. PMID: 40723059 PMCID: PMC12293382 DOI: 10.3390/children12070867

Karstad, S.B., Wichstrom, L., Reinfjell, T., Belsky J., & Berg-Nielsen, T.S. (2015).  What enhances the development of emotion understanding in young children?  A longitudinal study of interpersonal predictors.  British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 33, 340-354. PMID: 26014751 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12095

Kertes, D.A., Donzella, B.;,Talge, N.M., Garvin, M.C., Van Ryzin, M.J., & Gunnar, M.R. (2009).  Inhibited temperament and parent emotional availability differentially predict young children's cortisol responses to novel social and nonsocial events. Developmental Psychobiology, 51, 521-532. PMID: 19676107 PMCID: PMC5870881 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20390

Khoury, J. E., Rajamani, M., Bureau, J. F., Easterbrooks, M., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2020). Aspects of parent–child interaction from infancy to late adolescence are associated with severity of childhood maltreatment through age 18. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 3749. PMID: 32466383 PMCID: PMC7312453 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113749

Killeen, L.A. & Teti, D.M. (2012).  Mothers' frontal EEG asymmetry in response to infant emotion states and mother-infant emotional availability, emotional experience, and internalizing symptoms. Development & Psychopathology, 24, 9-21. PMID: 22292990 DOI: 10.1017/S0954579411000629

Kim, B.R., Chow, S.M., Bray, B., & Teti, D. (2017). Trajectories of mothers' emotional availability: Relations with infant temperament in predicting attachment security. Attachment and Human Development, 19, 38-57. PMCID: PMC5598772  NIHMSID: NIHMS874225  PMID: 27852132 DOI 10.1080/14616734.2016.1252780

Kim, C. Y., Fredman, S. J., & Teti, D. M. (2012). Quality of coparenting and infant–mother attachment: The mediating role of maternal emotional availability. Journal of Family Psychology, 35, 961-971. PMID: 33793276 PMCID: PMC8478852 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000846

Kim, C.Y., Smith, N.P., Teti, D.M. (2024).  Associations between breastfeeding, maternal emotional availability, and infant-mother attachment:  The role of coparenting.  Journal of Human Lactation, 40, 455-463. PMCID: PMC11340236 DOI: 10.1177/08903344241247207

Kim, B.R & Teti, D.M. (2014).  Maternal emotional availability during infant bedtime: An ecological framework. Journal of Family Psychology, 28, 1–11. PMCID: PMC5065261  NIHMSID: NIHMS802860  PMID: 27692276 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.07.001

Kim, B.R., Teti, D.M., & Cole, P.M. (2012). Mothers' affect dysregulation, depressive symptoms, and emotional availability during mother-infant interaction. Infant Mental Health Journal, 33, 469-476. PMID: 28520269 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21326

Kim, H.M., Bone, R.M., McNeill, B., Lee, S.J., Gillon, G., & Woodward, L.J. (2021).  Preschool language development of children born to women with an opioid use disorder. Children (Basel). 8, 268. PMID: 33807265 PMCID: PMC8066299 DOI: 10.3390/children8040268

Kim, P., Capistrano, C.G., Erhart, A., Gray-Schiff, R., & Xu, N. (2017b). Socioeconomic disadvantage, neural responses to infant emotions, and emotional availability among first-time new mothers. Behavioral Brain Research, 325, 188-196. PMCID: PMC5410181  NIHMSID: NIHMS852292  PMID: 28163097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.001

Kirkpatrick, A., Serbin, L.A., & Stack, D.M. (2024).  Do you see what I see? Exploring maternal and child perceptions of children's anxiety longitudinally. Developmental Psychology. 60, 187-198. PMID: 37917488 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001646

Kluczniok, D., Boedeker, K., Fuchs, A., Hindi Attar, C., Fydrich, T., Fuehrer, D., ... & Herpertz, S. C. (2016). Emotional availability in mother–child interaction: The effects of maternal depression in remission and additional history of childhood abuse. Depression and Anxiety, 33, 648-657 PMID: 26697826 DOI: 10.1002/da.22462

Kogan, N., & Carter, A. S. (1996). Mother–infant reengagement following the still-face: The role of maternal emotional availability in infant affect regulation. Infant Behavior & Development, 19, 359–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(96)90034-X

Kohler-Dauner, F., Roder, E., Gulde, M., Mayer, I., Fegert, J.M., Ziegenhain, U. & Waller, C. (2022).  Maternal sensitivity modulates child's parasympathetic mode and buffers sympathetic activity in a free play situation.  Frontiers, 13. PMID: 35529563 PMCID: PMC9068013 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.868848

Kohlhoff, J., Morgan, S., Briggs, N., Egan, R., & Niec, L. (2021).  Parent-child interaction therapy with toddlers: A community-based randomized controlled trial with children aged 14-24 months. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 50, 411-426. PMID: 32078379 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2020.1723599

Koren-Karie, N., Oppenheim, D., Dolev, S., & Yirmiya, N. (2009).  Mothers of securely attached children with autism spectrum disorder are more sensitive than mothers of insecurely attached children. Journal of Child Psychogy & Psychiatry, 50, 643-50. PMID: 19207630 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02043.x

Korja, R. & McMahon, C. (2020).  Maternal prenatal mood problems and lower maternal emotional availability associated with lower quality of child's emotional availability and higher negative affect during still-face procedure.  Infancy, 1-19. PMID: 34370394 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12428

Korja, R., Ahlqvist-Björkroth, S., Savonlahti, E., Stolt, S., Haataja, L., Lapinleimu, H., Piha, J., Lehtonen, L. (20220) Relations between maternal attachment representations and the quality of mother–infant interaction in preterm and full-term infants, Infant Behavior and Development, 33, 330-336. PMID: 34370394 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12428

Kristen-Antonow, S., Licata-Dandel, M., M€uller, M., & Sodian, B.  (2018).  Maternal cognition talk in the mother–toddler dyad mediates the influence of early maternal emotional availability on preschoolers’ belief reasoning.  Social Development, 27, 841–857. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12301

Kubicek, L. F., Riley, K., Coleman, J., Miller, G., & Linder, T. (2013). Assessing the emotional quality of parent–child relationships involving young children with special needs: Applying the constructs of emotional availability and expressed emotion. Infant Mental Health Journal, 34, 242–256. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21384

Kulasinghe, K., Whittingham, K, & Mitchell, A.E. (2022).  Emotional availability in the mother-child relationship for families of young children with autism spectrum disorder in Australia: A cross-sectional survey. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 131. PMID: 36347112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104365

Kuusela, K.L., Raaska, H., Elovainio, M.J., Heikkilä, A.R., Hakuline, C.A., Flykt, M.S., & Lapinleimu, H. (2024).  Families with internationally adopted children in Finland: A study of emotional availability in the early interaction. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. PMID: 39404940 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-024-01769-0

Lahtela, H., Flykt, M., Nolvi, S., Kataja, E.L., Eskola, E., Tervahartiala, K., Pelto J, Carter AS, Karlsson, H., Karlsson, L., Korja, R. (2024). Mother-infant interaction and maternal postnatal psychological distress associate with child's social-emotional development during early childhood: A FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. PMID: 38625659 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-024-01694-2 Epub ahead of print.

Lam, C., & Kitamura, C. (2010).  Maternal interactions with a hearing and hearing-impaired twin: similarities and differences in speech input, interaction quality, and word production. Journal of Speech, Language, & Hearing Research, 53, 543-55. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0126)

Lam-Cassettari, C., Wadnerkar-Kamble, M.B., & James, D.M. (2015). Enhancing parent-child communication and parental self-esteem with a video-feedback intervention: Outcomes with prelingual deaf and hard-of-hearing children. Journal of Deaf Studies Deaf Education, 20, 266-74.

Lavallée, Andréane & Pang, Lindsy & Warmingham, Jennifer & Atwood, Ginger & Ahmed, Imaal & Lanoff, Marissa & Finkel, Morgan & Xu, Ruiyang & Arduin, Elena & Hamer, Kassidy & Fischman, Rachel & Ettinger, Sharon & Hu, Yunzhe & Fisher, Kaylee & Greeman, Esther & Kuromaru, Mia & Durr, Sienna & Flowers, Elizabeth & Gozali, Aileen & Dumitriu, Dani. (2022). Early Dyadic Parent/Caregiver-Infant Interventions to Support Early Relational Health: A Meta-Analysis. (a preprint)  DOI: 10.1101/2022.10.29.22281681

Lee, S., Whittingham,K., & Mitchell, A. (2025). AutInsight: A pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT) of a consumer-informed parent support program for parents of autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1-18. DOI: 10.1007/s10803-025-06764-5

Lee, S., Whittingham, K. & Mitchell, A. (2024). Parental insightfulness, parental sensitivity, parent and child mental health, and attachment in autistic children: A systematic review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1-16.DOI: 10.1007/s40489-024-00482-x

Lecompte,V., Robins, S., King, L., Solomonova, E., Khan, N., Moss, E., … & Zelkowitz, P. (2020). Examining the role of mother-child interactions and DNA methylation of the oxytocin receptor gene in understanding child controlling attachment behaviors. Attachment & Human Development, 1-19. PMID: 31900042 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2019.1708422

Lebiger-Vogel, J., Rickmeyer, C., Leuzinger-Bohleber, & Meurs, P. (2022).  Fostering emotional availability in mother-child dyads with an immigrant background:  A randomized-controlled-trial on the effects of the early prevention program First Steps.  Frontiers, 13. PMID: 35465509 PMCID: PMC9033293 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.790244

Lehman, E. B., Steier, A. J., Guidash, K. M., & Wanna, S. Y. (2002). Predictors of compliance in toddlers: Child temperament, maternal personality, and emotional availability. Early Child Development and Care, 172, 301–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430212124

León, I., Góngora, D., Rodrigo, M. & Herrero-Roldán, S., López, M., Mitchell, C., Fisher, J. & Medina, Y. (2023). Aggregated epigenetic profiles explain the intergenerational transmission of physical neglect with psychiatric, cognitive, and bonding effects. (a preprint) DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3343636/v2

León, I., Rodrigo, M., & González, I., & Hernández-Cabrera, J., & García Pentón, L. (2020). Cortical surface alterations in cingulate and frontal regulatory areas underlie insensitive mothering,10. (a preprint) DOI: 10.1101/2020.01.29.924613

León, I., Rodrigo, M. J., Quiñones, I., Hernández-Cabrera, J. A., & García-Pentón, L. (2021). Distinctive frontal and occipitotemporal surface features in neglectful parenting. Brain Sciences, 11, 387. PMID: 33803895 PMCID: PMC8003221 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030387

Leong, E., Stack, D., Lazimbat, O., Bouchard, S., & Field, T. (2024). Co-regulation, relationship quality, and infant distress vocalizations observed during mother-infant interactions: Influences of maternal depression and different contexts. Infancy: The Official Journal of the International Society on Infant Studies, 29. PMID: 39024126 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12617

Lev-Enacab, O., Sher-Censor, E. Einspieler, C., Daube-Fishman, G., & Beni-Shrem, S. (2015).  The Quality of Spontaneous Movements of Preterm Infants:  Associations with the Quality of Mother-Infant Interaction.  Infancy, 20, 634-660. https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.12096

Lev-Enacab, O., Sher-Censor, E., Einspieler, C., Jacobi, O. & Daube-Fishman, G. (2020).  Spontaneous movements, motor milestones, and temperament of preterm-born infants:  Associations with mother-infant attunement.  Infancy, 1-21. PMID: 34989463 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12451

Lewis, C. R., Sowards, H. A., Huentelman, M. J., Doane, L. D., & Lemery-Chalfant, K. (2020). Epigenetic differences in inflammation genes of monozygotic twins are related to parent-child emotional availability and health. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health, 5, 100084. PMCID: PMC8474531  PMID: 34589859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100084

Licata, M., Kristen, S., & Sodian, B. (2016).  Mother-child interaction as a cradle of theory of mind:  The role of maternal emotional availability.  Social Development, 25, 139-156. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12131

Licata, M., Paulus, M., Kuhn-Popp, N., Meinhardt, J., & Sodian, B. (2015). Infant frontal asymmetry predicts child emotional availability. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 39, 492-496. DOI: 10.1177/0165025415576816

Licata, M., Paulus, M., Thoermer, C., Kristen, S., Woodward, A.L., & Sodian, B. (2014).  Mother-infant interaction quality and infants' ability to encode actions as goal-directed.  Social Development, 23, 340-356. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12057

Licata, M., Zietlow, A-L., Trauble, B., Sodian, B., & Reck, C. (2016).  Maternal emotional availability and its association with maternal psychopathology, Attachment style insecurity and theory of mind. Psychopathology, 49, 334-340. PMID: 27498091 DOI: 10.1159/000447781

Lincoln, M., Aichele, S., Clark, E.L.M., Dungan, M., Harvey, A., Hoyer, L., Jiao, Y., Joslin, S., Russell, F., & Biringen,  Z. (2023). Emotional Availability (EA) Brief: Single session feedback and coaching for improving fathers’ emotional availability for children across a wide developmental spectrum. OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine, 8, 032. DOI:10.21926/obm.icm.2303032

Little, C. & Carter, A.S. (2005). Negative emotional reactivity and regulation in 12-month-olds following emotional challenge: Contributions of maternal-infant emotional availability in a low-income sample. Infant Mental Health Journal. 26, 354-368. PMID: 28682470 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.20055

Logsdon, M. C., Mittelberg, M., Jacob, A. E., Luther, J. F., Wisniewski, S. R., Confer, A., ... & Wisner, K. L. (2015). Maternal–Infant interaction in women with unipolar and bipolar depression. Applied Nursing Research, 28, 381-383. PMID: 26608442 PMCID: PMC4661439 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2015.01.012

Lok, S. M., & McMahon, C. A. (2006). Mothers' thoughts about their children: Links between mind-mindedness and emotional availability. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 24, 477–488. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151005X49854

Longhi, E., Murray, L., Hunter, R., Wellsted, D., Taylor-Colls, S., MacKenzie, K., Rayns, G., Cotmore, R., Fonagy, P., & Fearon, R.M. (2016). The NSPCC UK Minding the Baby® (MTB) home-visiting programme, supporting young mothers (aged 14-25) in the first 2 years of their baby's life: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 17, 486. PMID: 27717374 PMCID: PMC5055686 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1618-4

Lotzin, A., Lu, X., Kriston, L., Schiborr, J., Musal, T., Romer, G., & Ramsauer, B. (2015). Observational tools for measuring parent-infant interaction: a systematic review. Clinical Child & Family Psychology Review, 18, 99-132. PMID: 25837491 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-015-0180-z

Lovas, G.S. (2005).  Gender and patterns of emotional availability in mother-toddler and father-toddler dyads. Infant Mental Health Journal, 26(4):327-353. PMID: 28682464 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.20056

Luotola, A., Korja, R., Leppänen, J., Yada, A., Eskola, E., Häikiö, T., Lahtela, H., Holmberg, E., Nordenswan, E., Nolvi, S., Karlsson, H., Karlsson, L., & Kataja, E.-L. (2025). Reciprocal relationships between a child’s engagement with faces and mother–child interaction at 8, 30, and 60 months. Developmental Psychology, 61, 964–976. PMID: 39311837 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001831

Lupien, S. J., King, S., Meaney, M. J., & McEwen, B. S. (2000). Child's stress hormone levels correlate with mother's socioeconomic status and depressive state. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 976-980. PMID: 11082471 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00965-3

Lupien, S. J., McEwen, B. S., Gunnar, M. R., & Heim, C. (2009). Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 434-445. PMID: 19401723 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2639

MacMillan, K.K., Lewis, A.J., & Watson, S.J., & Galbally, M. (2021).  Maternal social support, maternal depression and emotional availability in early mother-infant interaction:  Findings from a pregnancy cohort. Journal of Affective Disorders, 292, 757-765. PMID: 34167025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.048

MacMillan, K. K., Lewis, A. J., Watson, S. J., & Galbally, M. (2020a). Maternal depression and the emotional availability of mothers at six months postpartum: Findings from the mercy pregnancy and emotional wellbeing study (MPEWS) pregnancy cohort. Journal of Affective Disorders, 266, 678-685. PMID: 32056944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.109

MacMillan, K.K., Lewis, A.J., Watson, S.J., Power, J., & Galbally, M. (2020b). Maternal psychosocial predictors of pacifier use in a mother-infant interaction task: An observational study from the MPEWS pregnancy cohort.  Infant Behavior and Development, 61, 101505. PMID: 33197785 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2020.101505

MacMillan, K.K., Lewis, A.J., Watson, S.J., Watson, S.J., Janssen, B., & Galbally, M. (2020).  Maternal trauma and emotional availability in early mother-infant interaction:  Findings from the Mercy Pregnancy and Emotional Well-being Study. (MPEWS) cohort.  Attachment and Human Development, 23, 853-875. PMID: 32684110 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2020.1790116

McCarthy, P., Walls, T., Cicchetti, D., Mayes, L., Rizzo, J., Lopez-Benitez, J., Salloum, S., Baron, M., Fink, H., Anderson, R., Little, T., LaCamera, R., & Freudigman, K. (2003).  Prediction of resource use during acute pediatric illnesses. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 157, 990-6. PMID: 14557160 DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.157.10.990

McConnell, M., Closson, L., Morse, B., Wurster, H., Flykt, M., Sarche, M., & Biringen, Z. (2020). The "EA Brief": A single session of parent feedback and coaching to improve emotional attachment and emotional availability (EA). Infant Mental Health Journal, 41(6), 783-792. PMID: 32603000 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21867

McLean, M.A., Scoten, O.C., Chau, C.M.Y., Synnes, A., Miller, S.P., & Grunau, R.E. (2022). Association of neonatal pain-related stress and parent interaction with internalizing behaviors across 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 8.0 years in children born very preterm. JAMA Network Open, 5. PMID: 36269352 PMCID: PMC9587482 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.38088

McMahon, G.E., Anderson, P.J., Giallo, R., Pace, C.C., Cheong, J.L., Doyle, L.W., Spittle, A.J., Spencer-Smith, M.M., & Treyvaud, K. (2020).  Mental health trajectories of fathers following very preterm birth: Associations with parenting. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 45, 725–735. PMID: 32514578 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa041

McMahon, C. & Newey, B. (2018).  Non-attuned mind-mindedness, infant negative effect, and emotional availability:  Assessing mind-mindedness during the still-face paradigm. Infancy, 23, 873-892. https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.12245

Mallmann, M., Pedrotti, B., Almeida, M., & Frizzo, G. (2025). Parent-child joint play in the context of digital media: an integrative review. Psico-USF. 30. DOI: 10.1590/1413-8271202530e273264

Mantis, I. & Stack, D.M. (2018).  The functions of mutual touch in full-term and very low-birthweight/preterm infant-mother dyads: Associations with infant affect and emotional availability during face-to-face interactions.   International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 31. https://doi.org/10.46867/ijcp.2018.31.02.04

Martins, E., Soares, I., Martins, C., Tereno, S. & Osorio, A. (2012). Can we identify emotion over‐regulation in infancy? Associations with avoidant attachment, dyadic emotional interaction and temperament. Infant and Child Development, 21. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.1760

Matthess, J., Eckert, M., Becker, O., Ludwig-Korner, C., & Kuchinke, L. (2021).  Potential efficacy of parent-infant psychotherapy with mothers and their infants from a high-risk population:  A randomized controlled pilot trial.  Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 7, 1-18. PMID: 34819168 PMCID: PMC8611874 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-021-00946-5

Mattheß, J., Eckert, M., Richter, K., Koch, G., Reinhold, T., Vienhues, P., Berghöfer, A., Roll,S., Keil, T., Schlensog-Schuster, F., von Klitzing, K., Ludwig-Körner, C., & Kuchinke, L. (2020).   Efficacy of Parent-Infant-Psychotherapy with mothers with postpartum mental disorder: study protocol of the randomized controlled trial as part of the SKKIPPI project. Trials, 5, 21, 490. PMID: 32503611 PMCID: PMC7275538 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04443-7

Menashe-Grinberg, A., & Atzaba-Poria, N. (2025).  The predictors of change in reflective parenting therapy: Uncovering the influence of parental reflective functioning and child temperament in predicting the improvement in parent-child relationship and child outcome following DUET group intervention. Development & Psychopathology, 35, 1901-1912. PMID: 36537004 DOI: 10.1017/S0954579422000566

Merras-Salmio, L., Salo, S., Pelkonen, A.S., Kuitunen, M., Aronen, E.T., Mäkelä, M.J., & Kolho ,K.L. (2013).  How mothers interact with children with suspected cow's milk allergy symptoms. Acta Paediatrica, 102, 1180-5. PMID: 24033685 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12408

Mesman, J., & Emmen, R.A. (2013). Mary Ainsworth's legacy: A systematic review of observational instruments measuring parental sensitivity. Attachment & Human Development, 15, 485-506. PMID: 24299131 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2013.820900

Michael, J. & Lawler. (2008).  Maltreated children's emotional availability with kin and non-kin foster mothers: A sociobiological perspective. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 1131-1143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.02.007

Mielke, E.L., Neukel, C., Bertsc,h K,. & Reck, C., Möhler, E., Herpertz, S.C. (2016). Maternal sensitivity and the empathic brain: Influences of early life maltreatment. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 77, 59-66. PMID: 26985733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.02.013

Mielke, E.L, Neukel, C., Fuchs, A., Hillmann, K., Zietlow, A.L, Bertsch, K., Reck, C., Möhler, E., & Herpertz, S.C. (2020).  The cycle of abuse: emotional availability in resilient and non-resilient mothers with early life maltreatment. Psychopathology, 53, 298-305. PMID: 32937629 DOI: 10.1159/000509904

Mikić A., Bergmann, S., Perejoan, M. G., Klein, A.M.(2025).   "Just a second, mommy's here": the impact of mothers' smartphone use on children's affect regulation and the quality of mother-child interactions. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 16:1596219. PMID: 40703733 PMCID: PMC12283988 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1596219

Miller, J.V., Chau, V., Synnes, A., Miller, S.P. & Grunau, R.E.  (2022). Brain development and maternal behavior in relation to cognitive and language outcomes in preterm-born children. Biological Psychiatry, 92, 663-673. PMID: 35599181 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.03.010

Milligan, K., Osminin, I., Ingram, V., & Daari, L. (2024). The relative influence of cognitive and emotional impulsivity on emotional availability in mothers with problematic substance use. Journal of Family Trauma, Child Custody & Child Development, 21, 436–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/26904586.2024.2416145

Mingo, V. & Easterbrooks, A.E. (2015).  Patterns of emotional availability in mother-infant dyads:  Associations with multiple levels of context. Infant Mental Health Journal, 36, 469-482. PMID: 26331847 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21529

Miura, M., Adachi, F., & Oiji, A. (2020). Impact of mothers' parental bonding experience on emotional availability (EA) with their children. Health Science for Children, 21, 1-25. Doi not located.

Möhler, E., Poustka, L., & Biringen, Z. (2007). Emotional availability in a sample of mothers with a history of abuse.  American Journal of Orthopsychiatry:  Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Mental Health and Social Justice, 77, 624-628. PMID: 18194042 DOI: 10.1037/0002-9432.77.4.624

Molinini, R.M., Stuyvenburg, C., Koziol, N.A., Harbourne, R.T., Hsu, L-Y., Lobo, M.A., Willett, S., Bovaird, J.A., Chu, V.W., Price, S.K., Shall, M.S., & Dusing, S.C. (2025).  Sitting Together and Reaching to Play Physical Therapy affects dyadic emotional availability in children with neuromotor delay and their families.  Physical therapy, 105, pzae167, https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzae167

Molinini, R., Stuyvenburg, C., Koziol, N.A., Harbourne, R.T., Lobo, M.A., Willett, S.L., Bovaird, J.A., Marcinowski, E., Price, S.K., Shall, M., Chu, V.W., & Dusing, S.C. (2025).  Developmental trajectories of emotional availability differ between dyads with children with and without motor delay. Infancy, 30, e70027. PMID: 40537937. https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.70027

Moller, C.M., Odersi, C., Pilesi, F., Terpening, K., Osterberg, M., & Holmqvist, R. (2017).  Reflective functioning, limit setting, and emotional availability in mother–child dyads.  Parenting, 17, 225-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2017.1369311

Moreno, A.J., Klute, M.M., & Robinson, J.L. (2008). Relational and individual resources as predictors of empathy in early childhood. Social Development, 17, 613-637. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00441.x

Morais, A., Pasion, R., Pinto, T.M., Ciuffo, G., Ionio, C., Costa, R., Jongenelen, I., Lamela, D.. (2025). Perinatal anxiety and depressive symptoms and maternal parenting behavior during the first three years postpartum: A systematic review. Depression & Anxiety, 19. PMCID: PMC12105896  PMID: 40421469 doi: 10.1155/da/1801371

Mothander, P. R. & Furmark, C. & Neander, K. (2017). Adding "Circle of Security - Parenting" to treatment as usual in three Swedish infant mental health clinics. Effects on parents' internal representations and quality of parent-infant interaction. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 59. PMID: 29244205 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12419

Muller, J. & Elvert, C. (2025).  Psychometric analysis of the emotional availability scales for video-recorded interactions between parents and their preschool-aged children Frontiers in Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 08 Sec. Developmental Psychopathology and Mental Health, 4. PMID: 40271447 PMCID: PMC12014617 DOI: 10.3389/frcha.2025.1528196

Müller, J.M., Hoppermann, S., Elvert, C., & Janssen, M. (2023). Are emotionally competent adults emotionally available parents? Examination of theoretical and empirical relationships in a video-recorded parent-child interaction clinical preschool-aged sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 79, 1826-1841. PMID: 36916536 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23510

Murray-Kolb, L.E. & Beard, J.L. (2009).   Iron deficiency and child and maternal health. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89, 946-950. PMID: 19158210 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26692D

Naber, F., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Deschamps, P., van Engeland, H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2010). Intranasal oxytocin increases fathers’ observed responsiveness during play with their children: A double-blind within-subject experiment. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35, 1583-1586. PMID: 20457491 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.04.007

Negrao, M., Pereira, M., Soares, I., & Mesman, J. (2016). Maternal attachment representations in relation to emotional availability and discipline behaviour. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13, 121-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2015.1071254

Neu, M., Meyer-Parsons, B., Biringen, E., & Biringen, Z. (2015). Gastroesophageal reflux disease and the mother-infant relationship. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 5, 41-45. PMCID: PMC4048979  PMID: 24742255 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2013.0223

Neukel, C., Bertsch, K., Fuchs, A., Zietlow, A. L., Reck, C., Moehler, E., Brunner, R., Bermpohl, F., & Herpertz, S. C. (2018). The maternal brain in women with a history of early life maltreatment: an imagination-based fMRI study of conflictual versus pleasant interactions with children. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 43, 273–282. PMID: 29947610 PMCID: PMC6019349 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.170026

Newman-Morris, V., Simpson, K., Gray, K.M., Perry, N., Dunlop, A., & Newman, L.K. (2020). Evaluation of early relational disturbance in high-risk populations: Borderline personality disorder features, Maternal mental state, and observed interaction.  Infant Mental Health Journal, 41, 793–810. PMID: 32602964 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21880

Newman, L.K., Stevenson, C..S, Bergman, L.R., & Boyce, P. (2007).  Borderline personality disorder, mother-infant interaction and parenting perceptions: preliminary findings. Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41, 598-605. PMID: 17558622 DOI: 10.1080/00048670701392833

Nicolson, S., Judd, F., Thompson-Salo, F., Mitchell, S. (2013). Supporting the adolescent mother-infant relationship: Preliminary trial of a brief perinatal attachment intervention. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 16, 511-20. PMID: 23820643 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-013-0364-9

Nordenswan, E., Deater-Deckard, K., Kataja, E-L., Karrasch, M., Laine, M., & Pelto, J.,  Holmberg, E., Lahtela, H., Ahrnberg, H., Kajanoja, J., Karukivi, M.,Karlsson, H., Karlsson, L. & Korja, R. (2024). Maternal alexithymia and caregiving behavior: the role of executive functioning - A FinnBrain Birth Cohort study. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 28, 67-75. PMID: 39499315 PMCID: PMC11761824 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-024-01523-4

Olhaberry, M., Leyton, F., Moran-Kneer, J., León, M., Sieverson, C., Muzard, A.& Honorato, C., Ensink, K., Malberg, N., Luyten, P., & Costa-Cordella, S. (2021). Internet mentalization informed video feedback (MI-VF) intervention to improve parental sensitivity in mother-infant dyads with maternal depressive symptoms: Study protocol for a randomized controlled feasibility trial. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-458921/v1

Published version Strength-based Video-feedback to improve maternal sensitivity in mother-infant dyads with maternal depressive symptoms: Study protocol for a randomized controlled feasibility trial // Video-retroalimentación Focalizado en los Recursos para mejorar la sensibilidad en díadas madre-infante con síntomas depresivos: protocolo de un ensayo clínico aleatorizado piloto Medwave, 15, 22. DOI 10.5867/medwave.2022.11.2570

Olhaberry, M., León, M. J., Seguel, M., & Mena, C. (2015). Video-feedback intervention in mother-baby dyads with depressive symptomatology and relationship difficulties. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 18, 82–92. https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2015.177

Olhaberry, M., Morán-Kneer, J., Sieverson, C,. Costa-Cordella, S, Muzard, A., Honorato, C., León, M.J., & Leyton, F. (2025). Impact of strength-based video-feedback intervention on maternal sensitivity in mother-infant dyads with maternal depressive symptoms. Infant Mental Health Journal, 46, 160-180. PMID: 39725982 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.22154

Ollas-Skogster, D., Korja, R., Yada, A., Mainela-Arnold, E., Karlsson, H,. Bridgett, D.J., Rautakoski, P., Karlsson, L., & Nolvi, S. (2025).  Maternal emotional availability supports child communicative development regardless of child temperament-findings from the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study. Infancy, 30. PMID: 39853895 PMCID: PMC11758768 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12649

Olsavsky, A. K., Stoddard, J., Erhart, A., Tribble, R., & Kim, P. (2019). Neural processing of infant and adult face emotion and maternal exposure to childhood maltreatment. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 14, 997–1008. PMCID: PMC7058929  PMID: 31680141 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz069

Olsavsky, A. K., Stoddard, J., Erhart, A., Tribble, R., & Kim, P. (2021). Reported maternal childhood maltreatment experiences, amygdala activation and functional connectivity to infant cry. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 16, 418-427. PMID: 33438749 PMCID: PMC7990072 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab005

Oppenheim D, Mottes-Peleg M, Hamburger L, Slonim M, Maccabi Y, Yirmiya N. (2025). The social skills of autistic boys in preschool: the contributions of their dyadic and triadic interactions with their parents. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry. 66, 322-332. PMCID: PMC11812493  PMID: 39417245 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.14061

Oyen,S. A., Landy, S., & Hilburn-Cobb, C. (2000).  Maternal attachment and sensitivity in an at-risk sample. Attachment & Human Development, 2, 203-17. PMID: 11707911 DOI: 10.1080/14616730050085563

Paradis, G., & Koester, L.S. (2015).  Emotional availability and touch in deaf and hearing dyads. American Annals of the Deaf, 160, 303-15. PMID: 26320752. DOI: 10.1353/aad.2015.0026

Paulus, M., Licata, M., Gniewosz, B., & Sodian, B. (2018). The impact of mother-child interaction quality and cognitive abilities on children’s self-concept and self-esteem. Cognitive Development, 48, 42–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.07.001

Peltokorpi, S., Daelman, M., Salo, S., & Laakso, M. (2020). Effect of tactile imitation guidance on imitation and emotional availability. A case report of a mother and her child with congenital deaf blindness. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. PMCID: PMC7566039  PMID: 33132950 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.540355

Peltokorpi, S., Salo, S., Nafstad, A., Hart, P., Biringen, Z., & Laakso, M. (2024) Bodily-tactile early intervention: A pilot study of the role of maternal touch and emotional availability in interactions between three children with visual impairment and additional disabilities and their mothers. Frontiers in Psychology. PMID: 35786127 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2022.2082563

Peltokorpi, S., Salo, S., Nafstad, A., Hart, P., Tuomikoski, E., & Laakso, M. (2023).  Bodily-tactile early intervention for a mother and her child with visual impairment and additional disabilities: A case study. Disability and Rehabilitation, 45, 2057-2072. PMID: 35786127 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2022.2082563

Perzolli, S., Bertamini, G., de Falco, S., Venuti, P., & Bentenuto, A.. (2020).  Emotional availability and play in mother-child dyads with ASD: Changes during a Parental based intervention. Brain Sciences, 24, 10, 904. PMID: 33255424 PMCID: PMC7761008 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120904

Perzolli, S., Bertamini, G., Venuti, P., & Bentenuto, A. (2025). Emotional availability in Autism Intervention: A mother-father comparative analysis. Brain Sciences. 29, 15,133. PMID: 40002466 PMCID: PMC11853425 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci15020133

Philbrook, L. E., & Teti, D. M. (2016a). Bidirectional associations between bedtime parenting and infant sleep: Parenting quality, parenting practices, and their interaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 30, 431-441. PMID: 27010601 PMCID: PMC4887423 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000198

Philbrook, L. E., & Teti, D. M. (2016b). Associations between bedtime and nighttime parenting and infant cortisol in the first year. Developmental Psychobiology, 58, 1087-1100. PMID: 27363863 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21442

Piermattei, C., Pace, C. S., Tambelli, R., D'Onofrio, E., & Di Folco, S. (2017). Late adoptions: Attachment security and emotional availability in mother–child and father–child dyads. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 2114–2125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0732-6

Pillai Riddell R.P., Campbell, L., Flora, D.B., Racine, N., Din Osmun, L., Garfield, H., Greenberg, S.(2011).  The relationship between caregiver sensitivity and infant pain behaviors across the first year of life. Pain, 152, 2819-2826. PMID: 22000098 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.09.011

Pinchover, S., & Shulman, C. (2019). Behavioural problems and playfulness of young children with ASD: The moderating role of a teacher's emotional availability. Early Child Development and Care, 189, 2252-2264. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2018.1447934

Prag, A., Hoffman, N., Stromin, J., Zar, H., Stein, D.J., & Smith, S.M. (2025). Characterising maternal sensitivity in a high risk, peri-urban LMIC context—The Drakenstein Child Health Study.  https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7245707/v1 (preprint)

Pipp-Siegel, S. & Biringen, Z. (2000).  Assessing the quality of relationships between parent and children:  The Emotional availability Scales.  Volta Review, 100, 237-250. No doi available, but if you type in the title on google, the article will come up.

Pipp-Siiegel, S., Blair, N.L., Deas, A.M., Pressman, L.J., & Yoshinaga-Itano, C. (1998) Touch and emotional availability in hearing and deaf or hard of hearing toddlers and their hearing mothers. Volta Review, 100, 279. No doi available, but if you type in the title on google, the article will come up.

Porreca, A., DePalo, F., Simonelli, A.& Capra, N.  (2024).  Maternal psychosis and disfunctions in early interactions: Clinical considerations on the case of a mother with schizophrenia and her daughter. Advanced Research in Scientific Area, 194-198. No doi available, but if you type in the title, you will see it come up on google.

Porreca, A., Biringen, Z., Parolin, M., Saunders, H., Ballarotto, G., & Simonelli, A. (2018, online version).  Emotional availability, neuropsychological functioning, and psychopathology:  The context of parental substance use disorder. BioMed Research International. PMCID: PMC5985126  PMID: 29888268 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5359037

Porreca, A., De Carli, P., Filippi, B., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., van IJzendoorn, M.H., & Simonelli, A. (2025). Maternal cognitive functioning and psychopathology predict quality of parent-child relationship in the context of substance use disorder: A 15-month longitudinal study. Development & Psychopathology, 37, 439-450. 7. PMID: 38282537 DOI: 10.1017/S0954579424000026

Pressman, L., Pipp-Siegel, S., Yoshinaga-Itano, C,. & Deas, A. (1999).  Maternal sensitivity predicts language gain in preschool children who are deaf and hard of hearing. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 4, 294-304. PMID: 15579896 DOI: 10.1093/deafed/4.4.294

Pressman, L., Pipp-Siegel, S.,Yoshinaga-Itano, C., Kubicek, L., & Emde, R. (1999). A comparison of the links between emotional availability and language gain in young children with and without hearing loss. Volta Review, 100. No doi located.

Punamäki, R-L, Flykt, M., Belt, R., & Lindblom, J. (2021). Maternal substance use disorder predicting children's emotion regulation in middle childhood: The role of early mother-infant interaction. Heliyon, 7. PMID: 33898837 PMCID: PMC8055553 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06728

Punamäki, R-L., Isosävi, S., Kuittinen, S., & Diab, S. Y. (2017). War trauma and maternal-fetal attachment predicting maternal mental health, infant development, and dyadic interaction in Palestinian families.  Attachment & Human Development, 19, 463-486. PMID: 28556692 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2017.1330833

Punamäki R-L., Qouta, S.R., & Diab , S.Y. (2019). The role of maternal attachment in mental health and dyadic relationships in war trauma, Heliyon, 5. PMID: 31890934 PMCID: PMC6926227 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02867

Putnick, D. L., Bornstein, M. H., Breakstone, D. A., & Suwalsky, J. T. D. (2014). Mother-child emotional availability across cultures: Findings from western and non-western countries. In H. Selin (Ed.), Parenting Acrcss Cultures: Childrearing, Motherhood and Fatherhood in Non-Western Cultures. Series: Science Across Cultures: History and Practice, Vol. 7 (pp. 475-487). New York: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7503-9_35

Puura, K., Leppänen, J., Salmelin, R., Mäntymaa, M., Luoma, I., Latva, R., ... & Tamminen, T. (2019). Maternal and infant characteristics connected to shared pleasure in dyadic interaction. Infant Mental Health Journal, 40, 459-478. PMID: 31083770 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21786

Qouta, S.R.,  Vanska, M., Diab, S.Y., & Punamaki, R-J. (2021).  War ttrauma and infant motor, cognitive, and ssocioemotional development: Maternal mental health and dyadic interaction as explanatory processes. Infant Behavior and Development, 63. PMID: 33588286 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101532

Racine, N.M., Pillai Riddell, R.R., Flora, D., Garfield, H., & Greenberg, S. (2012).  A longitudinal examination of verbal reassurance during infant immunization: occurrence and examination of emotional availability as a potential moderator. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 37, 935-44. PMID: 22575732 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jss066

Ran-Peled, D,. Horwitz, A., Finkelstein, O., Atzaba-Poria, N., & Tikotzky, L. (2025).  A longitudinal study of postpartum maternal sleep and sensitivity: Examining depressive symptoms and social support as moderators. Journal of Sleep Research, 34(5):e70056. PMID: 40170203 PMCID: PMC12426717 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.70056

Ranum, B.M., Wichstrom, L., Pallesen, S., Falch-Madsen, J., & Steinsbekk, S. (2021).  Persistent short sleep from childhood to sdolescence:  Child, parent, and peer predictors.  Nature and Science of Sleep, 13, 163-175. PMID: 33623458 PMCID: PMC7894796 DOI: 10.2147/NSS.S290586

Reck, C., Tietz, A., Müller, M., Seibold, K., & Tronick, E. (2018). The impact of maternal anxiety disorder on mother-infant interaction in the postpartum period. PLoS One. 13:e0194763. PMID: 29799842 PMCID: PMC5969737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194763

Reichl, C., Kaess, M., Fuchs, A., Bertsch, K., Bödeker, K., Zietlow, A.-L., Dittrich, K., Hartmann, A. M., Rujescu, D., Parzer, P., Resch, F., Bermpohl, F., Herpertz, S. C., & Brunner, R. (2019). Childhood adversity and parenting behavior: The role of oxytocin receptor gene polymorphisms. Journal of Neural Transmission, 126, 777-787. DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02009-9

Rigo P, Giannotti M, Filippi B, Simonelli A, Gemignani M, Perzolli S, Venuti P, de Falco S. (2025).  An exploratory fMRI study on the association of parental involvement in childcare with brain responses to infant vocalisations and dyadic interaction quality in same-sex mother families. BMC Psychology, 7, 13, 1116. PMCID: PMC12506274  PMID: 41057912 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-025-03439-9

Robinson, J., Little, C., & Biringen, Z.  (1993).  Emotional communication in mother-toddler relationships:  Evidence for early gender differentiation. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 39, 496-517.

Robinson J, & Little C. (1994). Emotional availability in mother-twin dyads: effects on the organization of relationships. Psychiatry, 57, 22-31. No doi found.

Robinson, J. L., Emde, R. N., & Korfmacher, J. (1997). Integrating an emotional regulation perspective in a program of prenatal and early childhood home visitation. Journal of Community Psychology, 25, 59–75. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6629(199701)25:1<59::AID-JCOP5>3.0.CO;2-Y

Roche, E., Rocha-Hidalgo, J., Piper, D., Strouse, G.A., Neely, L.I., Ryu, J,. Myers, L.J., McClure, E., Troseth, G.L., Zosh, J.M., & Barr, R. (2022).  Presence at a distance: Video chat supports intergenerational sensitivity and positive infant affect during COVID-19. Infancy, 27, 1008-1031. PMID: 35932232 PMCID: PMC9539353 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12491

Rodrigo, M. J., Leon, I., Garcia-Penton, L., Hernandez-Cabrera, J. A., & Quinones, I. (2020). Neglectful maternal caregiving involves altered brain volume in empathy-related areas. Development & Psychopathology, 32 1534-1543. PMID: 31845644 DOI: 10.1017/S0954579419001469

Rodrigo, M. J., León, I., Góngora, D., Hernández-Cabrera, J. A., Byrne, S., & Bobes, M. A. (2016). Inferior fronto-temporo-occipital connectivity: A missing link between maltreated girls and neglectful mothers. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11, 1658-1665. PMID: 27342834 PMCID: PMC5040921 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw080

Rodriguez, L., Marqueo, E., Santacana, M. (2018). Patterns of emotional availability and preschool mental health problems. Acta de Investigación Psichológica, 8, 37-48. DOI: 10.22201/fpsi.20074719e.2018.1.04

Rossen, L., Mattick, R.P., Wilson, J., Burns, L., Macdonald, J.A., Olsson, C., Allsop, S., Elliott, E.J., Jacobs, S., McCormack, C., & Hutchinson, D. (2018). Mother–Infant and partner–infant emotional availability at 12 months of age: findings from an Australian longitudinal study. Infancy, 23, 893–916. https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.12247

Russell, F., Aichele, S., Lincoln, M., Clark, E.L.M., Dungan, M., Harvey, A., Hoyer, L., Jiao, Y., Joslin, S., Branson Dame, K., & Biringen, Z. (2025).  Emotional Availability (EA) Briefing: Single-session feedback and coaching with mothers of children 0–17 years of age. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 34, 174–190. DOI: 10.1007/s10826-024-02963-3

Ruttle, P. L., Serbin, L. A., Stack, D. M., Schwartzman, A. E., & Shirtcliff, E. A. (2011). Adrenocortical attunement in mother-child dyads: Importance of situational and behavioral characteristics. Biological Psycholoogy, 88, 104-111. PMID: 21767597 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.06.014

Sacchi, C., Miscioscia, M., Visentin, S., & Simonelli, A. (2021).  Maternal-fetal attachment in pregnant Italian women:  Multidimensional influences and the association with maternal care in the infant's first year of life. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 21. PMID: 34229661 PMCID: PMC8261930 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-03964-6

Sagi, A., Motti, G., Ziv, Y.,& Joels, T. (2002).  Shedding further light on the effects of various types and quality of early child care on infant-mother attachment relationship: The Haifa Study of Early Child Care. Child Development, 73, 1166-1186. PMID: 12146741 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8624.00465

Saini, E. K., Chimed-Ochir, U., Bai, L., Trexberg, K. M., Whitesell, C. J., Crosby, B., & Teti, D. M. (2025). Sleep, coparenting, and parenting among mothers and fathers prior to kindergarten transition. Journal of Family Psychology, 39, 263–276. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0001309

Salo, S. & Flykt, M. (2013).  Lapsen ja vanhemman valisen emotionaalisen saatavillaolon merkitys lapsen kehityksessa ja hyvinvoinnissa (Parent-child emotional availability in relation to child development and well being), Psykologia, 48, 402-416. Doi not located.

Salo, S., Flykt, M., Isosävi, S., Punamäki, R.-L., Kalland, M., Biringen, Z., & Pajulo, M. (2019). Validating an observational measure of prenatal emotional availabillity among mothers with depressive symptoms. Journal of Prenatal & Perinatal Psychology & Health, 34, 55-77. Doi not located; type in title on google and article is online.

Salo, S., Flykt, M., Mäkelä, J., Biringen, Z., Kalland, M., Pajulo, M., & Punamäki, R-J., (2019).  The effectiveness of Nurture and Play: A mentalisation-based parenting group intervention for prenatally depressed mothers.  Primary Health Care Research & Development, 20. PMID: 31839012 PMCID: PMC7003526 DOI: 10.1017/S1463423619000914

Salo, S., Flykt, M., Mäkelä, J., Lassenius-Panula, L., Korja, R., Lindaman, S., & Punamäki, R.-L. (2020). The impact of Theraplay® therapy on parent-child interaction and child psychiatric symptoms: A pilot study. International Journal of Play, 9, 331–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/21594937.2020.1806500

Salo, S., Kivistö, K., Korja, R., Biringen, Z., Tupola, S., Kahila, H., & Kivitie-Kallio, S. (2009). Emotional availability, parental self-efficacy beliefs, and child development in caregiver-child relationships with buprenorphine-exposed 3-year-olds. Parenting: Science and Practice, 9, 244–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295190902844563

Salo, S.J., Pajulo, M., Vinzce, L., Raittila, S., Sourander, J., & Kalland, M. (2021) Parent relationship satisfaction and reflective functioning as predictors of emotional availability and infant behavior.  Journal of Child and Family Studies, 30, 1214–1228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-01934-2

Salo, S., Politi, J., Tupola, S., Biringen, Z., Kalland, M., Halmesmäki, E., Kahila, H., & Kivitie-Kallio, S. (2010). Early development of opioid-exposed infants born to mothers in buprenorphine-replacement therapy. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 28, 161–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646830903219109

Salvatori, P., Neri, E., Chirico, I., Andrei, F., Agostini, F., & Trombini, E. (2016). Mother-toddler play interaction in extremely, very low birth weight, and full-tterm children: A longitudinal study. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. PMID: 27746756 PMCID: PMC5043650 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01511

Salomonsson, B., & Sandell, R. (2011).  A randomized controlled trial of mother-infant psychoanalytic treatment: I. Outcomes on self-report questionnaires and external ratings. Infant Mental Health Journal, 32, 207-231. PMID: 26908296 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.20291

Salomonsson, B. & Sandell, R. (2011).  A randomized controlled trial of mother-infant psychoanalytic treatment: II. Predictive and moderating influences of qualitative patient factors. Infant Mental Health Journal, 32, 377-404. PMID: 26904966 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.20302

Samuelson, K,W.,Wilson, C.K., Padrón, E., Lee, S., & Gavron, L. (2017). Maternal PTSD and children's adjustment: Parenting stress and emotional availability as proposed mediators. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73, 693-706. PMID: 27487248 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22369

Sandnes,K., Lydersen, S.,  Kårstad, S-B., & Berg-Nielsen, T.Z.  (2021). Measuring mothers’ representations of their infants: Psychometric properties of the clinical scales of the working model of the child interview in a low- to moderate-risk sample.  Infant Mental Health, 1-20. PMID: 34197638 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21934

Saunders, H., Biringen, Z., Benton, J., Closson, L., Herndon, E., & Prosser, J. (2017). Emotional availability and emotional availability zones (EA-Z): From assessment to intervention and universal prevention. Perspectives in Infant Mental Health, 12-16. No doi located.

Saunders, H., Kraus, A., Barone, L., & Biringen, Z. (2015).  Emotional Availability:  Theory, research, and intervention.  Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1-5. PMCID: PMC4516809  PMID: 26283996 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01069

Scher, A. (2001). Mother-child interaction and sleep regulation in one-year-olds. Infant Mental Health Journal, 22, 515–528. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.1015

Schestag, L., Mehner‐Gentner, J., Stein, L., Rossi, H., Fischmann, T., Leuzinger‐Bohleber, M., & Fritzemeyer, K. (2021).  Ghosts in the nursery in exile—Supporting parenting in exile during the COVID‐19 pandemic. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 18, 197–207. PMCID: PMC8239545 doi: 10.1002/aps.1702

Schlensog-Schuster, F., Klein, A.M., Biringen, Z., von Klitzing, K., & Bergmann, S. (2022).  Maternal sensitivity and intrusiveness in early childhood as predictors of children’s weight at school age.  Pediatric Obesity, 17. PMID: 34553841 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12842

Schneider, A.A., Rosenberg, J., Baker, M., Melia, N., Granger, B., & Biringen, Z. (2014).  Becoming relationally effective:  High-risk boys in animal-assisted therapy. Human Animal Interaction Bulletin, 2, 1-18. DOI: 10.1079/hai.2014.0002

Schneider, I., Neukel, C., Bertsch, K., Fuchs, A., Moehler , E., Zietlow, A-L., Brunner, R., Wolf, R.C. & Herpertz, S.C. (2021).  Early life maltreatment affects intrinsic neural function in mothers.  Journal of Psychiatric Research, 143, 176-182. PMID: 34500346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.004

Schneider-Hassloff, H., Zwönitzer, A., Künster, A. K., Mayer, C., Ziegenhain, U., & Kiefer, M. (2016). Emotional availability modulates electrophysiological correlates of executive functions in preschool children. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, Article 299. PMID: 27445744 PMCID: PMC4917527 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00299

Swartz, M. I., & Easterbrooks, M.A. (2008). Enhancing parent-provider relationships and communication in infant and toddler classrooms. Journal of Early Childhood and Infant Psychology, vol. 4, annual 2008, pp. 53+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A220640571/AONE?u=anon~5f9500e1&sid=googleScholar&xid=c1640e61. Accessed 30 Sept. 2025.

Senehi N., Flykt, M., Biringen, Z., Laudenslager, M., Watamura, S., & Sarche, M. (2021) Emotional availability as a moderator of stress for young children and parents in 2 diverse early Head Start samples.  Prevention Science, 25, 1320. PMID: 34773574 PMCID: PMC12053350 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-021-01307-7

Shahar-Lahav, R., Sher-Censor, E. & Hebel, O. (2022): Emotional availability in mothers and their children with spinal muscular atrophy type 1 who require augmentative and alternative communication: a mixed-methods pilot study.  Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 38, 161-172. PMID: 36285736 DOI: 10.1080/07434618.2022.2124928

Shai, D., Black, A.L., Spencer, R., Sleed, M., Baradon, T., Nolte , T., &  Fonagy, P. (2022).  Trust Me!  Parental embodied mentalizing predicts infant cognitive and language development in longitudinal follow up. Frontiers in Psychology. 13. PMID: 35992465 PMCID: PMC9386006 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.867134

Shakiba, N., Doron, G., Gordon-Hacker, A., Egotubov, A., Wagner, N.J., Gueron-Sela, N. (2023). Mother-infant emotional availability through the COVID-19 pandemic: Examining continuity, stability, and bidirectional associations. Infancy. 28, 34-55. PMID: 36468187 PMCID: PMC9877570 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12517

Sher‑Censor, E., Dolev, S., Said, M. & Baransi, N. & Amara, N. (2017). Coherence of representations regarding the child, resolution of the child’s diagnosis and emotional availability: A study of Arab-Israeli mothers of children with ASD. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 47, 3139–3149. PMID: 28695436 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3228-8

Sher-Censor, E., Harel, M., Oppenheim, D., & Aran, A. (2024).  Parental representations and emotional availability: The case of children with autism and severe behavior problems. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders. 13. PMID: 39538042 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-024-06629-3

Shilo, Y., & Serdtse, Y. (2022). The relationship between emotional availability of the mother and behavior problems in the child. Hybrid Journal of Psychology, 3. No doi located.

Shivers, E. M. (2008).   Using the emotional availability scales along the child care continuum. Journal of Early Childhood and Infant Psychology, 4. No doi located.

Silletti, F., Salvadori, E.A., Presaghi, F., Fasolo, M., Aureli, T., & Coppola, G. Maternal mind-mindedness during the first year of life: Developmental trajectories and moderators. Developmental Psychology, 58, 1615-1628. PMID: 35737537 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001389

Skaug, S., Englund, K.T., Saksvik-Lehouillier, I., Lydersen, S., & Wichstrøm, L. (2018). Parent-child interactions during traditional and interactive media settings: A pilot randomized control study. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 59, 135-145. PMID: 29244208 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12420

Skaug, S., Englund, K.T., & Wichstrom, L. (2018).  Young children’s television viewing and the quality of their interactions with parents: A prospective community study. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 59, 503–510. PMID: 29992583 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12467

Soderberg, A. K., Elfors, C., Holmqvist Larsson, M., Falkenstr.m, F., & Holmqvist, R. (2013). Emotional availability in psychotherapy: The usefulness and validity of the Emotional Availability Scales for analyzing the psychotherapeutic relationship. Psychotherapy Research, 24, 91–102. PMID: 23957271 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2013.826833

Sofri, I., Czik, A., & Ziv, Y. (2025). Parent–child emotional availability, children's early emotional reflectivity skills, and social behavior in kindergarten. Family Relations: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies.  74(2), 951–968. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.13131

Söldner, L., & Paulus, M. (2025).  The moral self in formation: Caregiver emotional availability and early prosocial behavior predict preschoolers' moral self-concept. Developmental Psychology, 16. doi: 10.1037/dev0001902. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39818922. PMID: 39818922 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001902

Sorce, J. F., & Emde, R.N. (1981).  Mothers presence is not enough:  Effect of emotional availability on infant exploration.  Developmental Psychology, 17, 737-745. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.17.6.737

Sprengeler, M.K., Mattheß, .J, Galeris, M.G., Ecker,t M., Koch, G., Reinhold, T., Berghöfer, A., Fricke, J., Roll, S., Keil, T., Ludwig-Körner, C,. Kuchinke, L, von Klitzing, K., White, L.O., & Schlensog-Schuster,. F. (2023).  Being an infant in a pandemic: Influences of the COVID-19 pandemic on infants, toddlers and their mothers in a clinical population. Children (Basel). 10. PMID: 38136087 PMCID: PMC10742006 DOI: 10.3390/children10121885

Stack, D.M,, Matte-Gagné, C., & Dickson, D.J. (2019).  Persistence of effects of VLBW/PT birth status and maternal emotional availability (EA) on child EA trajectories. Frontiers in Psychology, 29;9, 2715. PMID: 30761058 PMCID: PMC6361804 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02715

Stack, D.M., Serbin, L.A., Girouard, N., Enns, L.N., Bentley, V.M., Ledingham, J.E., Schwartzman, A.E. (2012). The quality of the mother-child relationship in high-risk dyads: Application of the Emotional Availability Scales in an intergenerational, longitudinal study. Development & Psychopathology, 24, 93-105. PMID: 22292996 DOI: 10.1017/S095457941100068X

Steinsbekk, S., Bonneville-Roussy, A., Fildes, A., Llewellyn, C., & Wichstrom, L. (2017). Child and parent predictors of picky eating from preschool to school age. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14. PMID: 28679411 PMCID: PMC5498871 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0542-7

Sutherland, K, Altenhofen, S., & Biringen, Z. (2012). Emotional availability during mother-child interactions in divorcing and intact married families. Divorce & Remarriage, 53, 126-141. DOI:  10.1080/10502556.2011.651974

Swanson, K., Beckwith, L., & Howard, J. (2000). Intrusive caregiving and quality of attachment in prenatally drug- exposed toddlers and their primary caregivers. Attachment & Human Development, 2(2), 130–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730050085527

Tambelli, R., Trentini, C., & Dentale, F. (2020).  Predictive and incremental validity of parental representations during pregnancy on child attachment.  Frontiers, 8, 1-11. PMID: 33344391 PMCID: PMC7738461 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.439449

Tarullo, A.R.,Tuladhar, C.T., Kao, K., Drury, E.B. & Meyer, J. (2020).  Cortisol and socioeconomic status in early childhood: A multidimensional assessment. Developmental Psychopathology, 32, 1876-1887. PMCID: PMC7938639  NIHMSID: NIHMS1675397  PMID: 33427182 DOI: 10.1017/S0954579420001315

Tasel-Gunal, Z., & Arikan, G. (2024). How do emotional availability, attachment, and parenting stress relate to attachment security? Findings from Turkish mother-toddler dyads. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 33(7), 2310–2323.  DOI: 10.1007/s10826-024-02783-5

Taylor-Colls, S. & Pasco Fearon, R.M. (2015).  The effects of parental behvior on infants' neural processing of emotion expressions.  Child Development, 86, 877-888. PMID: 25676831 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12348

Thomas, R., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M.J. (2011).  Accumulating evidence for parent-child interaction therapy in the prevention of child maltreatment. Child Development, 82, 177-92. PMID: 21291436 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01548.x

Timmer, S.G., Thompson, D, Culver, M.A., Urquiza, A.J,. & Altenhofen, S. (2012).  Mothers' physical abusiveness in a context of violence: Effects on the mother-child relationship. Development & Psychopathology. 24, 79-92. PMID: 22292995 DOI: 10.1017/S0954579411000678

Trapolini, T., Ungerer, J.A., & McMahon, C.A. (2008). Maternal depression: relations with maternal caregiving representations and emotional availability during the preschool years. Attachment & Human Development, 10, 73-90. PMID: 18351495 DOI: 10.1080/14616730801900712

Trupe, R.D., Macfie, J., Skadberg, R.M.,&  Kurdziel, G. (2018).  Patterns of emotional availability between mothers and young children: Associations with risk factors for borderline personality disorder. Infant Child Development. 27. PMCID: PMC5944349  NIHMSID: NIHMS878816  PMID: 29755295 DOI: 10.1002/icd.2046

Ustun Gullu, B., Oztop, D.B., Umutlu Aydin, E, Ors ,B, Cikili Uytun, M., & Yurumez, E. (2024).  Interactions between autistics and healthy children and their parents in emotional availability: a comparative study. Global Mental Health (Camb). PMID: 39464557 PMCID: PMC11505039 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2024.102

Uytun, M.C., Yurumez, E., Oztop, D.B., Babayigit, T.M., Efendi, Y.G., & Kilic, B.G. (2020, online).  How does adolescent motherhood affect mother-infant/ttoddler relationship and emotional availability.  International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice. 26, 50-57. PMID: 33019830 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2020.1828936

Valla, L., Slinning, K., Wentzel-Larsen, T., Røsand, G.M., & Arnardóttir, S.B. (2025). The newborn behavioural observations (NBO) system embedded in routine postpartum care in at-risk families in Iceland: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 25, 13. PMID: 39780054 PMCID: PMC11707989 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-07128-0

van Berkel, S.R., Groeneveld, M.G., Mesman, J., Endendijk, J., Hallers-Haalboom, E.T., van der Pol, L.D. & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J.  (2015).  Parental sensitivity towards toddlers and infant siblings predicting toddler sharing and compliance parental sensitivity.  Child and Family Studies, 24, 2270-2279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0029-y

van Berkel, S. R., Groeneveld, M. G., Mesman, J., Endendijk, J. J., Hallers-Haalboom, E. T., van der Pol, L. D., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2015). Fathers: The interplay between testosterone levels and self-control in relation to parenting quality. Hormones and Behavior, 112, 100-106. DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.04.003

van Doesum, K.T.M., Hosman, C.M.H., Riksen-Walraven, J.M., & Hoefnagels, C.  (2007). Correlates of depressed mothers' sensitivity toward their infants: the role of maternal, child and contextual characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 747-756 PMID: 17513987 DOI: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e318040b272

van Ee, E., Kleber, R..J., & Mooren, T.T.M. (2012). War trauma lingers on: Associations between maternal posttraumatic stress disorder, parent-child interaction, and child development. Infant Mental Health Journal, 33, 459-468. PMID: 28520264 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21324

van den Dries, L., Juffer, F., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Alink, L. R. A. (2012). Infants’ responsiveness, attachment, and indiscriminate friendliness after international adoption from institutions or foster care in China: Application of Emotional Availability Scales to adoptive families. Development and Psychopathology, 24(1), 49–64. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579411000654

van Ijzendoorn, M.H., Rutgers, A.H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., Swinkels, S.H, van Daalen, E., Dietz, C., Naber, F.B., Buitelaar, J.K., & van Engeland, H. (2007).  Parental sensitivity and attachment in children with autism spectrum disorder: comparison with children with mental retardation, with language delays, and with typical development. Child Development, 78, 597-608. PMID: 17381792 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01016.x

van IJzendoorn, M.H., Schuengel, C., Wang, Q., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J. (2023). Improving parenting, child attachment, and externalizing behaviors: Meta-analysis of the first 25 randomized controlled trials on the effects of Video-feedback Intervention to Promote Positive Parenting and Sensitive Discipline. Development & Psychopathology, 35, 241-256. PMID: 35034668 DOI: 10.1017/S0954579421001462

Vandesande, S., Bosmans, G., Sterkenburg, P., Schuengel, C., Van keer, I., & Maes, B. (2023). Variation in differential reactions to comfort by parents versus strangers in children with severe or profound intellectual disabilities: The role of parental sensitivity and motor competence. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues. 42, 12476-12489, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02501-0

Verhage, M.L, Schuengel, C., Holopainen, A., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J, Bernier, A., Brown, G.L., Madigan, S., Roisman, G.I., Vaever, M.S., & Wong, M.S. (2022).  Collaboration on attachment transmission synthesis (CATS). Conceptual comparison of constructs as first step in data harmonization: Parental sensitivity, child temperament, and social support as illustrations. MethodsX. 9:101889. PMID: 36354308 PMCID: PMC9637952 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2022.101889

Vliegen, N. (2006). ‘She doesn’t want to look at me’ – Mother–infant observation as a bridge between clinical practice and research. Infant Observation, 9(3), 261–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698030601070623

Vliegen, N., Bijttebier, P., Boulpaep, N., Luyten, P.M., Cluckers, G. & Biringen, Z. (2005).  De EA-DSR Een zelfrapporteringsschaal  voor het meten van emotionele beschikbaarheid bij ouders van jonge kinderen (0-1 jaar).  [The EA-DSR, a parental self report scale measuring emotional availability in interaction with infants (0-1 year). Diagnostiekwijzer. [peer-reviewed Dutch journal], Jaargang, 8, 137-147.  No doi located.

Vliegen, N., Luyten, P., & Biringen, Z. (2009). A multimethod perspective on emotional availability in the postpartum period. Parenting, 9, 228-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295190902844514

Volling, B.L., Mcelwain, N.L., Notaro, P.C., & Herrera, C. (2002).  Parents’ emotional availability and infant emotional competence:  Predictors of parent-infant attachment and emerging self-regulation.  Journal of Family Psychology, 16, 447-465. PMID: 12561291 DOI: 10.1037//0893-3200.16.4.447

Wang, J., Saunders, H., Skillern Fisher, S., Shephard, K., Mone, J. G., & Biringen, Z. (2019).  Children’s adjustment to kindergarten: Predictions from mother-child emotional availability and children’s narratives prior to school entry. Perspectives in Early Childhood Psychology and Education, 4, 39-69. No doi located.

Weifel, A., Oepen, G. & Biringen, Z.  (2005).  Emotional availability in infant psychiatry. Infant Mental Health Journal, 392-403. PMID: 28682447 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.20059

Whittingham, K., McGlade, A., Kulasinghe, K., Mitchell, A.E., Heussler, H., & Boyd, R.N. (2020). ENACT (ENvironmental enrichment for infants; parenting with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy): A randomised controlled trial of an innovative intervention for infants at risk of autism spectrum disorder. BMJ Open, 10. PMID: 32819928 PMCID: PMC7440709 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034315

Whittingham, K. & Mitchell, A.E. (2021).  Birth, Breastfeeding, psychological flexibility and self-compassion as predictors of mother-infant emotional availability in a cross-sectional study.  Infant Mental Health Journal, 42, 718-730. PMID: 34189747 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21935

Whittingham, K., Palmer, C., Douglas, P., Creedy, D.K., & Sheffield, J. (2020).  Evaluating the "Possums" Health Professional Training in parent-infant sleep.  Infant Mental Health Journal, 41, 603-613. PMID: 32881036 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21885

Whittingham, K., Sheffield, J., & Boyd, R.N. (2016). Parenting acceptance and commitment therapy: A randomised controlled trial of an innovative online course for families of children with cerebral palsy. BMJ Open, 6. PMID: 27798022 PMCID: PMC5073654 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012807

Whittingham, K., Sheffield, J., Mak, C., Dickinson, C., Boyd, R.N. (2020). Early parenting Acceptance and Commitment Therapy 'Early PACT' for parents of infants with cerebral palsy: A study protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open, 10: :e037033. PMID: 33039994 PMCID: PMC7552872 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037033

Whittingham K., Sheffield, J., Mak, C., Wright, A., & Boyd, R.N. (2022). Parenting Acceptance and Commitment Therapy:  An RCT of an online course with families of children with CP.  Behaviour Research and Therapy, 155. PMID: 35662680 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2022.104129

Wünsche, S., and K. Brisch. (2011).  Emotional availability of VLBW infants and their mothers in post-stress and play situations. Infant Mental Health Journal, 32, 183-184. NJ, USA: Wiley-Blackwell. No doi located.

Wurster, H.E., & Biringen, Z. (2020). Validity of the Emotional Attachment Zones Evaluation (EA-Z): Assessing attachment style across a developmental spectrum. Perspectives in Early Childhood Psychology and Education, 5, 5-54. DOI: 10.58948/2834-8257.1040

Wurster, H., Sarche, M., Trucksess, C., Morse, B., & Biringen, Z. (2020). Parents' adverse childhood experiences and parent-child emotional availability in an American Indian Community: Relations with young children's social-emotional development. Development and Psychopathology, 32, 425-436. PMID: 30919805. DOI: 10.1017/S095457941900018X

Yakov, P, Levavi, K., Uzefovsky, F., Pike, A., Deater-Deckard, K., Hadar, A., Bar, G., Froimovici, M., & Atzaba-Poria, N. F(2025).  Firstborn's empathy and the sibling relationship quality: The moderating role of maternal emotional availability. Developmental Psychology 61, 691-699. PMID: 39480299 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001857

Zeddies, T. (2000).  A psychoanalytic unconscious and emotional availability: aspects in the development of analysts and analytic therapists. American Journal of Psychoanalysis. 60, 57-69. PMID: 10758769 DOI: 10.1023/a:1001827928564

Zelkowitz, P., Papageorgiou, A., Bardin, C., & Wang, T. (2009).  Persistent maternal anxiety affects the interaction between mothers and their very low birthweight children at 24 months.  Early Human Development, 85, 51-58. PMID: 18632229 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2008.06.010

Zimmerman, L., & Fassle, I.  (2003).  The dynamics of emotional availability in childcare:  How infants involve and respond to their teen mothers and childcare teachers. Infants & Young Children, 16, 258-269. DOI: 10.1097/00001163-200307000-00008

Zimmerman, L, & McDonald L. (1995).  Emotional availability in infants' relationships with multiple caregivers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 65, 147-52. PMID: 7733210 DOI: 10.1037/h0079586

Ziv, Y., Kaplan, B.A., & Venza, J. (2016). Practicing attachment in the real world:  Improving maternal insightfulness and dyadic emotional availability at an outpatient community mental health clinic.  Attachment & Human Development, 18, 1469-2988. PMID: 26824790 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2015.1135972

Ziv, Y., Sagi, A., Karie-Koren, N., & Joaels, T. (1996).  Quality of infant-mother attachment as related to maternal emotional availability and infant reactivity. Infant Behavior and Development 19(Supp-S1): 193-0 No doi located.

Ziv, Y., Umphlet, K., Olarte, S., & Venza J. (2018). Early childhood trauma in high-risk families: Associations with caregiver emotional availability and insightfulness, and children’s ocial information processing and social hehavior. Attachment & Human Development, 20, 309-33. PMID: 29513078 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2018.1446738

EA Studies in Korea (compiled, courtesy of Dr. Ying Jin)

Ryu, J. Y. (2018). The effects of mothers’ mind-mindedness on infant-mother emotional availability. Journal of Parenting Support Research, 13(4), 179-198 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.16978/ecec.2018.13.4.008

Ryu, J. Y., & Jang, M. Y. (2018). A study comparing infant-teacher emotional availability between individual and group situations. Journal of Educational Studies, 49(1), 1-17. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15854/jes.2018.3.49.1.1

Han, Y. M., Ryu, J. Y., & Lee, S. Y.. (2017). Aspects and relationships between infants` emotion regulation styles and infant-mother emotional availability. Journal of Early Childhood Education Research, 37(3), 203-226. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18023/kjece.2017.37.3.010

Ryu, J. Y., & Lee, S. Y. (2016). Aspects and relationships of infant teachers` mind-mindedness and infant-teacher emotional availability. Journal of Early Childhood Education Research, 36(2), 295-324. No doi located.

Moon, Y. K., & Min, H. S. (2016). Types of emotional availability among mothers and their preschool child: Relationship with marital relations and mother's psychological characteristics. Korean Journal of Human Ecology, 25,(1), 1-15. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5934/kjhe.2016.25.1.1

Moon, Y. K. (2014). Mother-child emotional availability and preschooler’s adjustment: Mediating effect of preschooler’s effortful control. Korean Journal of Human Ecology, 23(1), 15-29.  http://dx.doi.org/10.5934/kjhe.2014.23.1.15

Lee, H. M., & Cho., B. H. (2012). The relationship between infant temperament, maternal emotional availability, infant emotional responsiveness and involvement. Korean Journal of Child Studies,33(2), 223-242. DOI: http: //dx.doi.org/10.5723/KJCS.2012.33.2.223

Moon, Y. K., & Lee, Y. (2012). The effects of maternal emotional availability on preschooler’s social skills and problem behaviors: The mediating effects of preschooler’s effortful control. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association,50(1):103-119. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.6115/khea.2012.50.1.103

Lee, Y., & Min, H. S. (2010). The level of mother-child emotional availability by narrative responses profile types of their preschool children. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 50(1):103-119. No doi located.

Han, S. H., & Lee, Y. (2010). Emotional availability of working mothers and their 24~48 month-olds in child care centers. Journal of Korean Child Care and Education, 6, (1), 23-45. No doi located.