Research
30+ years of research; 25+ countries
Over 450 peer-reviewed articles from independent research labs
Special issues in journals have been dedicated to disseminating national and international contributions (including in Attachment and Human Development, 2000, Infant Mental Health Journal, 2005, and Parenting: Science and Practice, 2009). A comprehensive review is Biringen et al. (2014) in Development Review. Three additional review articles have been published, one Clark et al (2021) in Brain Sciences, and two by Biringen et al. (2022, 2023), both in Human Development. Please go through the below articles knowing that when you click on the doi link, you can directly see the abstract. Many of the articles also have other clickable links that take you directly to the full article. Still others are open-access journals and if you type in the full title on the web, you should be able to see the article in totality. The attachments below show easily printable versions, one being by research area and the other the alphabetical list. The alphabetical reference list has only one mention of a specific work, whereas 'by areas' list often puts the same reference in multiple locations, e.g., 'preterms' as well as 'attachment', if that is relevant.
EA publications: Studies of basic science, prevention/intervention, and clinical applications
Ahrnberg, H., Korja, R., Scheinin, N.M., Nolvi, S., Kataja, E-L, Kajanoja, J., Hakanen, H., Karlsson, L., Karlsson, H. & Karukivi, M. (2021). Maternal alexithymic traits are related to lower maternal sensitivity and higher hostility in maternal caregiving behavior—The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 12:704036. PMID: 34381404 PMCID: PMC8350116 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.704036
Ahrnberg, H., Korja, R., Scheinin, N.M., Nolvi, S., Kataja, E-L, Kajanoja, J., Hakanen, H., Karlsson, L., Karlsson, H. & Karukivi, M. (2021). Maternal alexithymic traits are related to lower maternal sensitivity and higher hostility in maternal caregiving behavior—The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 12:704036. PMID: 34381404 PMCID: PMC8350116 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.704036
Allen, B., Timmer, S., Urquiza. A. (2014). Parent-child interaction therapy as an attachment-based intervention: Theoretical rationale and pilot data with adopted children. Children and Youth Services Review, 47, 334-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.10.009
Almeida, A.S., Giger, J-C., Mendonça, S., Fuertes, M., & Nunes, C. (2022). Emotional availability in mother-child and father-child interactions as predictors of child’s attachment representations in adoptive families. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, 1-16. PMID: 35457588 PMCID: PMC9028699 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084720
Altenhofen, S., Clyman, R., Little, C., Baker, M., & Biringen, Z. (2013). Attachment security in three-year-olds who entered substitute care in infancy. Infant Mental Health Journal, 34, 435-445. PMID: 27127309 PMCID: PMC4846274 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21401
Altenhofen, S., Sutherland, K. & Biringen, Z. (2010) Families experiencing divorce: Age at onset of overnight stays, conflict, and emotional availability as predictors of child attachment. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 51, 3, 141-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502551003597782
Aran, Ö., Phu, T., Erhart, A., Watamura, S., Kim, P. (2023). Neural activation to infant cry among Latina and non-Latina White mothers. Behavioral Brain Research, 12, 441, 114298. PMID: 36646254 PMCID: PMC9988217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114298
Aran, P., Lewis, A., Watson, S., & Galbally, M. (2021a). Major depression and generalised anxiety disorder: An analysis of the effects of remission status and comorbidity on mother-infant emotional availability in the perinatal period. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 78, 570-589. PMID: 34398975 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23235
Aran, P., Lewis, A., Watson, S., & Galbally, M. (2021a). Major depression and generalised anxiety disorder: An analysis of the effects of remission status and comorbidity on mother-infant emotional availability in the perinatal period. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 78, 570-589. PMID: 34398975 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23235
Aran, P., Lewis, A.J., Watson, S.J,. Nguyen, T., Galbally, M. (2021). Emotional availability in women with bipolar disorder and major depression: A longitudinal pregnancy cohort study. Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 55, 1079-1088. PMID: 33726546 DOI: 10.1177/0004867421998796
Aran, P., Lewis, A.J., Watson, S.J., Macmillan, K., Power, J., Galbally, M., (2021b). A psychometric study of the Emotional Availability Scales: Construct validity and measurement invariance between depressed and nondepressed mother-infant dyads. Psychological Assessment, 34, 70-81. PMID: 34516162 DOI: 10.1037/pas0001067
Aran, P., Lewis, A.J., Watson, S.J., Macmillan, K., Power, J., Galbally, M., (2021b). A Psychometric study of the Emotional Availability Scales: Construct validity and measurement invariance between depressed and nondepressed mother-infant dyads. Psychological Assessment, 34, 70-81. PMID: 34516162 DOI: 10.1037/pas0001067
Aras, A., Fonagy, P., Campbell, C., Rosan, C. (2024). What do we know about parental embodied mentalizing? A systematic review of the construct, assessment, empirical findings, gaps and further steps. Attachment & Human Development, 26, 588-624. PMID: 39565089 https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2024.2421432
Arikan, G., Acar, I.H., Kumru, A., & Ünsal, F. Ö. (2025). Maternal symptoms and emotional availability predicting children's behavior problems: A longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2024.101753
Arikan, G., Acar, I.H., Kumru, A., & Ünsal, F. Ö. (2025). Maternal symptoms and emotional availability predicting children's behavior problems: A longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2024.101753
Atkinson, N. H., Gennis, H., Racine, N. M., & Riddell, R. P. (2015). Caregiver emotional availability, caregiver soothing behaviors, and infant pain during immunization. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 40, 1105-1114. PMID: 26188051 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsv067
Atkinson, N. H., Gennis, H., Racine, N. M., & Riddell, R. P. (2015). Caregiver emotional availability, caregiver soothing behaviors, and infant pain during immunization. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 40, 1105-1114. PMID: 26188051 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsv067
Atzaba-Poria, N., Meiri, G., Millikovsky M, Barkai A, Dunaevsky-Idan, M., Yerushalmi, B. (2010). Father-child and mother-child interaction in families with a child feeding disorder: The role of paternal involvement. Infant Ment Health Journal, 31, 682-698. PMID: 28543067 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.20278
Atzaba-Poria, N., Meiri, G., Millikovsky M, Barkai A, Dunaevsky-Idan, M., Yerushalmi, B. (2010). Father-child and mother-child interaction in families with a child feeding disorder: The role of paternal involvement. Infant Ment Health Journal, 31, 682-698. PMID: 28543067 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.20278
Augustin, M., Mall, V., & Licata-Dandel, M. (2024). ADHD symptoms in middle childhood: The role of child attachment and maternal emotional availability in an inpatient clinical sample. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology, and Education, 14, 1572-1584. PMID: 38921070 PMCID: PMC11202776 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe14060104
Augustin, M., Mall, V., & Licata-Dandel, M. (2024). ADHD symptoms in middle childhood: The role of child attachment and maternal emotional availability in an inpatient clinical sample. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology, and Education, 14, 1572-1584. PMID: 38921070 PMCID: PMC11202776 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe14060104
Austin, M.-P., Christl, B., McMahon, C., Kildea, S., Reilly, N., Yin, C., Simcock, G., Elgbeili, G., Laplante, D.P., & King, S. (2017). Moderating effects of maternal emotional availability on language and cognitive development in toddlers of mothers exposed to a natural disaster in pregnancy: The QF2011 Queensland Flood Study. Infant Behavior and Development, 49, 296-309. PMID: 29096237 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.10.005
Aviezer, O. (2008). Emotional availability and the complexity of child care: A commentary. Journal of Early Childhood and Infant Psychology, 4, 75–81. link.gale.com/apps/doc/A220640572/AONE?u=anon~da63caa1&sid=googleScholar&xid=444b28e1.
Azhari, A., Wong, A., Lim, M., Macapinlac, B., Gabrieli, G., Setoh, P. & Esposito, G. (2020). Parents' past bonding experience with their parents interacts with current parenting stress to influence the quality of interaction with their child. Behavioral Sciences, 10, 114. PMID: 32645871 PMCID: PMC7407224 DOI: 10.3390/bs10070114
Bai, L., Crosby, B., & Teti, D. M. (2025). Maternal sleep, coparenting quality, and parenting across the first 2 years postpartum. Journal of Marriage and Family, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.13094
Bai, L., Crosby, B., & Teti, D. M. (2025). Maternal sleep, coparenting quality, and parenting across the first 2 years postpartum. Journal of Marriage and Family, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.13094
Bai, L., Saini, E. K., & Teti, D. M. (2025). Maternal cortisol and parenting in infants’ first 6 months: The moderating role of family stress. Developmental Psychology, Advance online publication. PMID: 40272419 PMCID: PMC12353129 (available on 2026-04-24) DOI: 10.1037/dev0001955
Bai, L., Saini, E. K., & Teti, D. M. (2025). Maternal cortisol and parenting in infants’ first 6 months: The moderating role of family stress. Developmental Psychology, Advance online publication. PMID: 40272419 PMCID: PMC12353129 (available on 2026-04-24) DOI: 10.1037/dev0001955
Baker, M., Biringen, Z., Meyer‐Parsons, B., & Schneider, A. (2015). Emotional attachment and emotional availability tele‐intervention for adoptive families. Infant Mental Health Journal, 36, 179-192. PMID: 25704237 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21498
Baraldi, E., Allodi, M.W., Löwing, K., Smedler, A.C., Westrup, B., & Ådén, U. (2020). Stockholm preterm interaction-based intervention (SPIBI) - study protocol for an RCT of a 12-month parallel-group post-discharge program for extremely preterm infants and their parents. BMC Pediatric, 20, 49. PMID: 32007087 PMCID: PMC6995087 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-1934-4
Baraldi, E., Allodi, M.W., Löwing, K., Smedler, A.C., Westrup, B., & Ådén, U. (2020). Stockholm preterm interaction-based intervention (SPIBI) - study protocol for an RCT of a 12-month parallel-group post-discharge program for extremely preterm infants and their parents. BMC Pediatric, 20, 49. PMID: 32007087 PMCID: PMC6995087 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-1934-4
Baraldi, E., Allodi, M.W., Löwing, K., Wadström, N., Smedler, A.C., Örtqvist, M., Westrup, B., & Ådén, U. (2025). Parent-child interaction after home-visiting intervention for children born extremely preterm: A randomised clinical trial. Acta Paediatrica, 114, 74-82. PMID: 39215963 PMCID: PMC11627441 DOI: 10.1111/apa.17399
Baraldi, E., Allodi, M.W., Löwing, K., Wadström, N., Smedler, A.C., Örtqvist, M., Westrup, B., & Ådén, U. (2025). Parent-child interaction after home-visiting intervention for children born extremely preterm-A randomised clinical trial. Acta Paediatrica, 114, 74-82. PMID: 39215963 PMCID: PMC11627441 DOI: 10.1111/apa.17399
Barfoot, J., Meredith, P., Ziviani, J., & Whittingham, K. (2017). Parent-child interactions and children with cerebral palsy: An exploratory study investigating emotional availability, functional ability, and parent distress. Child Care Health & Development, 43, 812-822. PMID: 28737004 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12493
Barnicot, K., Welsh, M., Kalwarowsky, S., Stevens, E., Iles, J., Parker, J., Miele, M., Lawn, T., O'Hanlon, .L, Sundaresh, S., Ajala, O., Bassett, P., Jones, C., Ramchandani, P., & Crawford, M. (2022). Video feedback parent-infant intervention for mothers experiencing enduring difficulties in managing emotions and relationships: A randomised controlled feasibility trial. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 188-1210. doi: 10.1111/bjc.12388. Epub 2022 Aug 26. PMID: 36018275 PMCID: PMC9804867 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12388
Barone, L. (2021). Le emozioni nello sviluppo. Percorsi tipici e atipici. Roma: Carocci.
Barone, L., Saunders, H., & Biringen, Z. (2015). Strumenti di valutazione e interventi di sostegno alla genitorialità (“Parenting: Assessment and intervention”). In Furio Lambruschi & Francesca Lionetti (Eds.) La Disponibilità Emotiva: Razionale, Strumenti di Valutazione e Introduzione All’intervento. Carocci, Rome.
Barone, L., Barone, V., Dellagiulia, A. & Lionett, F. (2018). Testing an attachment-based parenting intervention-VIPP-FC/A in adoptive families with post-institutionalized children: Do maternal sensitivity and genetic markers count? Frontiers in Psychology, 9. PMID: 29515483 PMCID: PMC5826058 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00156
Barone, L., Barone, V., Dellagiulia, A. & Lionett, F. (2018). Testing an attachment-based parenting intervention-VIPP-FC/A in adoptive families with post-institutionalized children: Do maternal sensitivity and genetic markers count? Frontiers in Psychology, 9. PMID: 29515483 PMCID: PMC5826058 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00156
Barone, L. & Biringen, Z. (2007). Le scale per la valutazione della disponibilità emozionale (Emotional Availability Scales-EAS). In L. Barone, Emozioni e sviluppo. Percorsi tipici e atipici. Rome: Carocci.
Beeghly M. (2012). A developmental psychopathology perspective on emotional availability research: Current trends and challenges. Development & Psychopathology, 24, 107-11. DOI: 10.1017/S0954579411000691 PMID: 22292997.
Belt, R.H., Flykt, M., Punamäki, R.L., Pajulo, M., Posa, T., & Tamminen, T. (2012). Psychotherapy groups and individual support to enhance mental health and early dyadic interaction among drug-abusing mothers. Infant Mental Health Journal. 33, 520-534. PMID: 28520270 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21348
Belt, R.H., Kouvo, A., Flykt, M., Punamäki, R.L., Haltigan, J.D., Biringen, Z., & Tamminen, T. (2012). Intercepting the intergenerational cycle of maternal trauma and loss through infant psychotherapy: A case study using attachment-derived methods. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18, 100-120. PMID: 22569679 DOI: 10.1177/1359104512444116
Belt, R.H., Kouvo, A., Flykt, M., Punamäki, R.L., Haltigan, J.D., Biringen, Z., & Tamminen, T. (2012). Intercepting the intergenerational cycle of maternal trauma and loss through infant psychotherapy: A case study using attachment-derived methods. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18, 100-120. PMID: 22569679 DOI: 10.1177/1359104512444116
Bentenuto, A., Perzolli, S., de Falco, S., & Venuti, P. (2020). The emotional availability in mother-child and father-child interactions in families with children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 75, Article 101569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101569
Benton, J., Coatsworth, D., & Biringen, Z. (2019). Examining the association between emotional availability and mindful parenting. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28, 165-1663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01384-x
Benton, J., Coatsworth, D., & Biringen, Z. (2019). Examining the association between emotional availability and mindful parenting. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28, 165-1663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01384-x
Bergmann, S., Schlesier-Michel, A., Wendt, V., Grube, M., Keitel-Korndorfer, A., Gausche, R., von Klitzing, K. & Klein, A. M. (2016). Maternal weight predicts children's psychosocial development via parenting stress and emotional availability. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1156. PMCID: PMC4978733 PMID: 27559321 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01156
Bergmann, S., Schlesier-Michel, A., Wendt, V., Grube, M., Keitel-Korndorfer, A., Gausche, R., von Klitzing, K. & Klein, A. M. (2016). Maternal weight predicts children's psychosocial development via parenting stress and emotional availability. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1156. PMCID: PMC4978733 PMID: 27559321 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01156
Bergmann, S., von Klitzing, K., Keitel-Korndörfer, A., Wendt, V., Grube, M., Herpertz, S., Schütz, A., & Klein, A.M. (2016). Emotional availability, understanding emotions, and recognition of facial emotions in obese mothers with young children. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 80, 44-52. PMID: 26721547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.11.005