Research
30+ years of research; 25+ countries
Over 450 peer-reviewed articles from independent research labs
Special issues in journals have been dedicated to disseminating national and international contributions (including in Attachment and Human Development, 2000, Infant Mental Health Journal, 2005, and Parenting: Science and Practice, 2009). A comprehensive review is Biringen et al. (2014) in Development Review. Three additional review articles have been published, one Clark et al (2021) in Brain Sciences, and two by Biringen et al. (2022, 2023), both in Human Development. Please go through the below articles knowing that when you click on the doi link, you can directly see the abstract. Many of the articles also have other clickable links that take you directly to the full article. Still others are open-access journals and if you type in the full title on the web, you should be able to see the article in totality. The attachments below show easily printable versions, one being by research area and the other the alphabetical list. The alphabetical reference list has only one mention of a specific work, whereas 'by areas' list often puts the same reference in multiple locations, e.g., 'preterms' as well as 'attachment', if that is relevant.
EA publications: Studies of basic science, prevention/intervention, and clinical applications
Bischoff, M., Howland, V., Klinger-König, J., Tomczyk, S., Schmidt, S., Zygmunt, M., Heckmann, M., van den Berg, N., Bethke, B., Corleis, J., Günther, S., Liutkus, K., Stentzel, U., Neumann, A., Penndorf, P., Ludwig, T., Hammer, E., Winter ,T., & Grabe, H.J. (2019). Save the children by treating their mothers (PriVileG-M-study) - study protocol: a sequentially randomized controlled trial of individualized psychotherapy and telemedicine to reduce mental stress in pregnant women and young mothers and to improve Child's health. BMC Psychiatry. 19, 371. PMID: 31775668 PMCID: PMC6880484 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2279-0
Bjorklund, O., Wichstrom, L., Llewellyn, C.H., & Steinsbekk, S. (2019). Emotional over- and undereating in children: A longitudinal analysis of child and contextual predictors. Child Development, 90, 803–818. PMID: 29959767 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13110
Black, M., Hager, E., Wang, Y., Hurley, K., Latta, L., Candelaria, M., Caulfield, L. (2020). Toddler obesity prevention: A two‐generation randomized attention‐controlled trial. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 13075–13075. PMCID: PMC7729807 PMID: 32885909 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13075
Bohr, P. (2018). Evaluating caregiver sensitivity to infants: Measures matter. Infancy, 23, 730–747. PMCID: PMC6126366 NIHMSID: NIHMS984531 PMID: 30197581 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12248
Bornstein, M. H., Gini, M., Putnick, D. L., Haynes, O. M., Painter, K. M., & Suwalsky, A. J. T. (2006). Short-term reliability and continuity of emotional availability in mother–child dyads across contexts of observation. Infancy, 10, 1–16. PMID: 33412671 DOI: 10.1207/s15327078in1001_1
Bornstein, M. H., Gini, M., Putnick, D. L., Haynes, O. M., Painter, K. M., & Suwalsky, A. J. T. (2006). Short-term reliability and continuity of emotional availability in mother–child dyads across contexts of observation. Infancy, 10, 1–16. PMID: 33412671 DOI: 10.1207/s15327078in1001_1
Bornstein, M. H., Gini, M., Suwalsky, J. T. D., Putnick, D. L., & Haynes, O. M. (2006). Emotional availability in mother-child dyads: Short-term stability and continuity from variable-centered and person-centered perspectives. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 52, 547–571. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2006.0024
Bornstein, M. H., Gini, M., Suwalsky, J. T. D., Putnick, D. L., & Haynes, O. M. (2006). Emotional availability in mother-child dyads: Short-term stability and continuity from variable-centered and person-centered perspectives. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 52, 547–571. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2006.0024
Bornstein, M., Putnick, D., Suwalsky, J (2016). Emotional interactions in European American mother-infant firstborn and secondborn dyads: A within-family study. Development Psychology, 52, 1363-1369. PMCID: PMC5827931 NIHMSID: NIHMS942680 PMID: 27505695 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000158
Bornstein, M.H., Putnick, D.L., & Suwalsky, J.T. (2012). A longitudinal process analysis of mother-child emotional relationships in a rural Appalachian European American community. American Journal of Community Psychology, 50, 89-100. PMCID: PMC3424281 NIHMSID: NIHMS337091 PMID: 22080397 DOI: 10.1007/s10464-011-9479-1
Bornstein, M.H., Putnick, D.L., & Suwalsky, J.T.D.(2016). Infant-mother and infant-caregiver emotional relationships: Process analyses of interactions in three contemporary childcare arrangements. Infancy, 21, 8-36. PMCID: PMC5863914 NIHMSID: NIHMS702971 PMID: 29576750 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12097
Bornstein, M.H., Putnick, D.L., Heslington, M., Gini, M., Suwalsky, J.T.D., Venuti, P., de Falco, S., Giusti, Z. & Zingman de Galperin, C. (2008). Mother-child emotional availability in ecological perspective: Three countries, two regions, two genders. Developmental Psychology, 44, 666-680. PMCID: PMC5827925 NIHMSID: NIHMS942670 PMID: 18473635 DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.666
Bornstein, M.H., Putnick, D.L., Suwalsky, J.T., Venuti, P., de Falco, S., de Galperín, C.Z., Gini, M., & Tichovolsky, M.H. (2012). Emotional relationships in mothers and infants: Culture-common and community-specific characteristics of dyads from rural and metropolitan settings in Argentina, Italy, and the United States. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 43, 171-197. PMCID: PMC3254095 NIHMSID: NIHMS228866 PMID: 22247569 DOI: 10.1177/0022022110388563
Bornstein, M.H., Suwalsky, J.T., & Breakstone, D.A. (2012). Emotional relationships between mothers and infants: Knowns, unknowns, and unknown unknowns. Developmental Psychopathology, 24, 113-23. PMID: 22292998; PMCID: PMC3426791 DOI: 10.1017/S0954579411000708
Bornstein, M.H., Suwalsky, J.T., Putnick, D.L., Gini, M., Venuti, P., de Falco, S., Heslington, M., de Galperín, C.Z. (2010). Developmental continuity and stability of emotional availability in the family: Two ages and two genders in child-mother dyads from two regions in three countries. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 34, 385-397. PMCID: PMC2931362 NIHMSID: NIHMS228875 PMID: 20824179 DOI: 10.1177/0165025409339080
Boyd, R.N., Greaves, S., Ziviani, J., Novak, I., Badawi, N., Pannek, K., Elliott, C., Wallen, M., Morgan, C., Valentine, J., Findlay, L., Guzzetta, A., Whittingham, K,. Ware, R.S., Fiori, S., Maitre, N.L., Heathcock, J., Scott, K., Eliasson, A.C., & Sakzewski, L. (2025). Randomized comparison trial of rehabilitation very early for infants with congenital hemiplegia. Journal of Pediatrics, 277, 114381. PMID: 39477009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.114381
Boyd, R.N., Greaves, S., Ziviani, J., Novak, I., Badawi, N., Pannek, K., Elliott, C., Wallen, M., Morgan, C., Valentine, J., Findlay, L., Guzzetta, A., Whittingham, K,. Ware, R.S., Fiori, S., Maitre, N.L., Heathcock, J., Scott, K., Eliasson, A.C., & Sakzewski, L. (2025). Randomized comparison trial of rehabilitation very early for infants with congenital hemiplegia. Journal of Pediatrics, 277, 114381. PMID: 39477009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.114381
Bozicevic, L., Lucas, C., Magai, D.N., Ooi,Y., Maliwichi, L., Sharp, H., Gladstone M. (2024). Evaluating caregiver-child interactions in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review of tools and methods. Journal of Reproductive & Infant Psychology, 5, 1-36. PMID: 38441002 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2024.2321615
Branson Dame K, Jazz Harvey M, Aichele S, Kralewski Van Denburg A, Hoyer L, Joslin S, McKenna A, Lincoln M, Closson L, Flykt M, Salo S, Harvey A, Biringen Z. (2024). Movement through motherhood: Exploring mood, wellbeing, and prenatal emotional availability (EA) through EA-based dance intervention. Infant Mental Health Journal. 45, 22-39. PMID: 38081788 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.22093
Bretherton, I. (2000). Emotional availability: An attachment perspective. Attachment and Human Development, 2, 233–241. PMID: 11707913 DOI: 10.1080/14616730050085581
Caldwell, J., Meredith, P. Whittingham, K., & Ziviani, J. (2022). Associations between prenatal factors and self-reported emotional availability at 3- and 6 months postpartum. OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine, 7, 1-30. doi:10.21926/obm.icm.2203028
Campbell, J. (2007). Understanding the emotional needs of children who are blind. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 101, 351-355. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X0710100605
Capistrano, C.G., Grande, L.A., McRae, K., Phan, K.L., & Kim, P. (2022). Maternal socioeconomic disadvantage, neural function during volitional emotion regulation, and parenting. Social Neuroscience. 17, 276-292. PMID: 35620995 PMCID: PMC10829500 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2022.2082521
Carter, A.S., Garrity-Rokous, F.E., Chazan-Cohen, R., Little, C., & Briggs-Gowan, M.J. (2001). Maternal depression and comorbidity: Predicting early parenting, attachment security, and toddler social-emotional problems and competencies. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 4, 18-26. PMID: 11195555 DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200101000-00012
Carter, A.S., Garrity-Rokous, F.E., Chazan-Cohen, R., Little, C., & Briggs-Gowan, M.J. (2001). Maternal depression and comorbidity: Predicting early parenting, attachment security, and toddler social-emotional problems and competencies. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 4, 18-26. PMID: 11195555 DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200101000-00012
Carter, A.S., Little, C.B., & Gerrity-Takous, F. (1998). Adapting the Emotional Availability Scales for 4-month old infant-mother dyads. Associations with molecular coding and maternal psychopathology. Infant Behavior and Development, 21 (Supp), 25. Retieved from http:www.sciencedirect.com.hslezproxy.ucdenver.edu/science/journal/01636383/21 No doi available.
Cassibba, R., van IJzendoorn, M.H., & Coppola, G. (2012). Emotional availability and attachment across generations: Variations in patterns associated with infant health risk status. Child Care Health Development. 38, 38-44. PMID: 21752061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01274.x
Cassibba, R., van IJzendoorn, M.H., & Coppola, G. (2012). Emotional availability and attachment across generations: Variations in patterns associated with infant health risk status. Child Care Health Development. 38, 38-44. PMID: 21752061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01274.x
Célia, M.-G., Stack, D. M., & Serbin, L. A. (2018). Developmental patterns of change in mother and child emotional availability from infancy to the end of the preschool years: A four-wave longitudinal study. Infant Behavior & Development, 52, 76–88. PMID: 29870885 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2018.05.005
Célia, M.-G., Stack, D. M., & Serbin, L. A. (2018). Developmental patterns of change in mother and child emotional availability from infancy to the end of the preschool years: A four-wave longitudinal study. Infant Behavior & Development, 52, 76–88. PMID: 29870885 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2018.05.005
Champagne, F. A., & Curley, J. P. (2009). Epigenetic mechanisms mediating the long-term effects of maternal care on development. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33, 593-600. PMID: 18430469 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.10.009
Chaudhuri, J. H., Easterbrooks, M. A., & Davis, C. R. (2009). The relation between emotional availability and parenting style: Cultural and economic factors in a diverse sample of young mothers. Parenting: Science and Practice, 9(3-4), 277–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295190902844613
Cheung, H. S. (2021). Maternal sensitivity and warmth in Singapore: Cultural insights from comparing the Ainsworth and Emotional Availability Scales. Infant and Child Development, 30. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2233
Cheung, H., & Elliot, J. (2016). Measuring maternal sensitivity: Cultural variations in the measurements of emotional availability. Child Development, 87, 898-915. PMID: 27029740 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12519
Chirico, I., Andrei, F., Salvatori, P., Malaguti, I., & Trombini, E. (2020). The Focal Play Therapy: An empirical study on the parent-therapist alliance, parent-child interactions and parenting stress in a clinical sample of children and their parents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.17, 8379. PMID: 33198341 PMCID: PMC7697913 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228379
Chirico, I., Andrei, F., Salvatori, P., Malaguti, I., Trombini, E. (2019). The Focal Play Therapy: A clinical approach to promote child health and family well-being. Frontiers in Public Health. 7, 77. PMCID: PMC6460255 PMID: 31024878 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00077
Clark, E. L. M., Yuqin, J., Sandoval, K., & Biringen, Z. (2021). Neurobiological implications of parent–child emotional availability: A review. Brain Sciences, 11, 1016. PMCID: PMC8391119 PMID: 34439635 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081016
Clark, E. L. M., Yuqin, J., Sandoval, K., & Biringen, Z. (2021). Neurobiological implications of parent–child emotional availability: A review. Brain Sciences, 11, 1016. PMCID: PMC8391119 PMID: 34439635 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081016
Closson, L., Flykt, M., & Biringen, Z. (2020). Evaluation of Possums Sleep Intervention: A pilot feasibility study. Journal of Nursing Education & Practice, 10, 15-23. https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v10n2p15
Cloud, Z.C.G., Kehoe, C.E., Treyvaud, K. et al. (2025). Improving emotional availability in Australian mother-toddler dyads via the Tuning in to Toddlers parenting program. Science Reports, 15, 4588. 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80827-y.1038/s41598-024-80827-y
Cloud, Z.C.G., Spittle,A., Cheong, J., Doyle, L.W., Anderson, P.J., & Treyvaud, K (2024). Predicting externalizing behaviors in typically developing toddlers at 24 months: Insights from parenting at 12 months. Infant Behavior and Development, 76. PMID: 38820858 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2024.101964
Cohen, L., Efrat Sher-Censor, E., Oppenheim, D., Dassa, A., Ayalon, L., & Palgi1, Y. (2022a). Emotional availability in dyads of nursing aide - Person with Dementia: Old tool, new perspective. Dementia , 21, 882-898. PMID: 35090350 DOI: 10.1177/14713012211065396
Cohen, L., Efrat Sher-Censor, E., Oppenheim, D., Dassa, A., Ayalon, L., & Palgi1, Y. (2022b). Nursing aides' mentalization, expressed emotion, and observed interaction with resident with dementia: A quasi-experimental study. Geriatric Nursing, 45, 100-107. PMID: 35367842 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2022.03.002
Copeland, A., Korja, R., Nolvi, S., Rajasilta, O., Pulli, E.P., Kumpulainen, V., Silver, E,. Saukko, E., Hakanen, H., Holmberg, E., Kataja, E.L., Häkkinen, S., Parkkola, R., Lähdesmäki, T., Karlsson, L., Karlsson, H., & Tuulari, J.J. (2022). Maternal sensitivity at the age 8 months associates with local connectivity of the medial prefrontal cortex in children at 5 years of age. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 16, 920995. PMCID: PMC9520291 PMID: 36188450 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.920995
Copeland, A., Korja, R., Nolvi, S., Rajasilta, O., Pulli, E.P., Kumpulainen, V., Silver, E,. Saukko, E., Hakanen, H., Holmberg, E., Kataja, E.L., Häkkinen, S., Parkkola, R., Lähdesmäki, T., Karlsson, L., Karlsson, H., & Tuulari, J.J. (2022). Maternal sensitivity at the age 8 months associates with local connectivity of the medial prefrontal cortex in children at 5 years of age. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 16, 920995. PMCID: PMC9520291 PMID: 36188450 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.920995
Coppola G, Vaughn BE, Cassibba R, Costantini A. (2006). The attachment script representation procedure in an Italian sample: Associations with adult attachment interview scales and with maternal sensitivity. Attachment and Human Development, 8, 209-19. PMID: 16938704 DOI: 10.1080/14616730600856065
Coppola, G., Cassibba, R., & Costantini, A. (2007). What can make the difference? Premature birth and maternal sensitivity at 3 months of age: The role of attachment organization, traumatic reaction and baby's medical risk. Infant Behavior and Development, 30, 679-684. PMID: 17449102 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2007.03.004
Coppola, G., Cassibba, R., & Costantini, A. (2007). What can make the difference?: Premature birth and maternal sensitivity at 3 months of age: The role of attachment organization, traumatic reaction and baby's medical risk. Infant Behavior and Development, 30, 679-684. PMID: 17449102 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2007.03.004
Crugnola, C.R., Ierardi, E., & Canevini, M.P. (2017). Reflective functioning, maternal attachment, mind-mindedness, and emotional availability in adolescent and adult mothers at infant 3 months. Attachment and Human Development, 20, 84-106. PMID: 28925329 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2017.1379546
Crugnola, C.R., Ierardi, E., & Canevini, M.P. (2017). Reflective functioning, maternal attachment, mind-mindedness, and emotional availability in adolescent and adult mothers at infant 3 months. Attachment and Human Development, 20, 84-106. PMID: 28925329 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2017.1379546